The importance of effective communication towards improving organizational perfomance free essay sample

Hampto,S and Webber (1999,pg204)they defined communication as the exchange of thoughts ,messages or information between sender and receiver and inference of meaning. According to H. F Moore and F. B Kalupa (2005 :84-85) communication is the process of transmitting meaning between individuals. All human society is founded upon the human beings’ capacity to transmit intentions, desires, feelings, knowledge and experience from person to person. Second communication refers to the technical means of indirect or medicated communication embracing media from tribal drums, smoke signal and stone tablets to telegraphy printing, broadcasting and films. Communication is very important in any organization because communication is concerned with selling the image of organization as well as maintaining the relationship between the organization and the publics, also gives an organization a good foundation to work with the surroundings communities better by communicating with his customers to know what to add in production so that to answer the need of his customers. We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of effective communication towards improving organizational perfomance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Without communication in organization it is difficult to answer the need of his customers, to fight against other competitors as well as to create and maintain good relationship between n internal and external stockholders. Therefore the researcher focused to find out the importance of effective communication in an organization so that to achieve the organization objectives. Through a case study of TBL , The study intends to assess the importance of effective communication in improving organisational performance. 1. 1. 2 Historical background of TBL In early 1930, the Wright brothers established a brewery in Dar es Salaam . they did not meet with much success due to competition from cheaper foreign imports. In November 1933 Mr. Bill Tylo build a brewery I Tanganyika which was sited in Dar es salaam ,produced a bear known as tusker as well as tradition beer from maize. in 1936 it was decided to amalgamate Kenya brewers and Tanganyika brewer there by forming, which becomes known as best African brewes LTD. in 1964 when united republic of Tanzania was formed from former republic of Tanganyika and people’s republic of Zanzibar, Tanganyika breweries limit being socialism and self reliance ideology, all activities had to be handled by the state it is useless to say that Tanzania has to a large extent privatized a good number of its parastatal organization. Including Tanzania breweries LTD there was various factors that lead to this unpopular government policy same of which was financial mismanagement misappropriate of both capita and funds luck of serious commitment over or under employment and the like. The researcher through that improper budget planning which either refracted to over expenditure or low generating income was among the factors which contributes to financial problem in many of the privatized companies LTD or instruction including those to be privatized soon or later 1. 4 Research objectives 1. 4. 1 Main objectives The importance of effective communication towards improving organizational performance. 1. 4. 2 Specific objectives To know how effective communication contributes to improving managerial performance in TBL. To identify communication problems faced by the managers in TBL. To suggest means by which method of communication can be improved in TBL. 1. 5 Research questions 1. 5. 1 How effective communication contributes to improving managerial performance? 1. 5. 2 What are the communication problems that TBL face? 1. 5. 3 By What means methods of communication in TBL can be improved? 1. 5. 4 Is there ways to solve the communication problems facing TBL? 1. 6 significance of the study Findings of the study will be of great significance to a number of people and organizations since it brings awareness to people and organizations on what ways that organizations can create and maintain effective communication within organization and the significance of the effective communication towards organizational perfomance. Also the findings will help to create awareness to the publics and organization so that to ensure the effective communication. 1. 7 Limitation of the problem Despite the fact that effective communication is essential to any organization and thus effective communication is of importance in the small organisations as well as big companies, this study concentrated only at one big company (TBL). CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Iintroduction This chapter will explain about related literature review,theoretical frame work, empirical studies as well as research gap 2. 1 Theoretical argument According to H. F Moore and F. B Kalupa (2005 :84-85) communication is the process of transmitting meaning between individuals. All human society is founded upon the human beings’ capacity to transmit intentions, desires, feelings, knowledge and experience from person to person. Second communication refers to the technical means of indirect or medicated communication embracing media from tribal drums, smoke signal and stone tablets to telegraphy printing, broadcasting and films. According to them, communication can be refer in different meaning depending on how it is used and the context. First, communication refers to the special process that makes interactions with human kind possible and enables individuals to be social beings. Communication must involve two/more processes, it is a tow-way exchange to information and understanding is applied. For example, a bulleting-broad announcement is not communication only when the announcement has been made, understanding and knowledge complete the true communication. Therefore even if we use adverts, seminars, face to face meetings and so forth, communication is effective when we get intended feedback and when an idea gets out of our mind into another Effective communication with employees, customer share holders, community neighbors and other publics is essential to good public relations. Relation with people is only established through communication with them. When communication is poor, misunderstanding and the like hood of conflict result. Barriers of successful sharing of thoughts among people in industry, labor, education, the community and government must be overcome by effective communication †¦. For a organization to have good performance it needs to have effective communication inside and outside the organization. Internal communication refers to the exchange between organization management and the internal publics that is the employees. External communication has to do with external public that are consumers, community, neighbors, dealers and distributors, suppliers, government agencies and legislators, educators and the like. The rapid growth of business organization has created various problems in both areas, external communication and internal communication. Communication with consumers, community neighbors, educators and government is increasing in volume and effectiveness. Employee is to be well informed about corporate policies so that they can communicate with the outside publics, communication involves three elements. The sender, the medium of communication and the receiver. The effectiveness of communication depends upon all three elements. If the sender is incompetent on the signal and the communication process fails. Communication is a responsibility of every employ of the institutions. It can be delegate solely to a public relation department everyone should participate, the president, staff and line management, and all rank of file employees. Employees and line executives communicate downward from lower to higher authority, competing the circuit of two – way communication at all levels of managements, there is also informal and horizontal cross communication between executives According to William,V (1992), the efficiency of group depends largely on how well the efforts of its members are coordinated but coordination doesn’t just happen. Satisfactory communication is necessary if possible are to achieve understanding and cooperation. And the higher one is on the organization ladder, the more time and energy he/she will likely devote to communication studies shows that aside from communicating-speaking writing, listening, reading and thinking (interpersonal communication) organization’s top administration does virtually nothing. And indeed there has been fantastic advancement in some areas with the aid of modern electronic equipments, it is possible to, receive, process, store, retrieve and reproduce information in speed to reach huge number of people in the process. If an organization is to succeed in competitive environment, its members will love to do more than just interdependence, they will have to collaborate and work together as a team. However, within many firms a technology skill is critical and grows more. But these skills alone will not guarantee the organization success. Above all, members of the organization must not â€Å"undo† each other. They must avoid every destructive form of competition. Some organization members are infighters back stabbers, or rumor managers. Such members at least in the short run may â€Å"win†. However the organization which tolerates such behavior generally ends up paying a dangerous cost which is the long term deterioration of its human arrest According to Haney (1995:15), trust is needed within the members of an organization and it must genuinely believe that the best way to help themselves and their organization is by being trusted of others and being trust worthy themselves. Communication includes non-verbal communication which might help in establishing trust. But also it suggests how communication/poor communication can lead to destruction. Good communication is essential in building trust within an organization but it is also crucial in maintenance of that trust. Trust is a precious but fragile commodity, it can be very challenging to create, but it can be easily weakened and even destroyed. Once that happens, trust can be extremely difficult to restore. Therefore, if an organization is to accomplish its objectives, its members must pull together but their willing to collaborate is not enough, they must know in which direction to pull. Organization objectives’ must be universally understood and accepted by its members. So here again the communication is vital. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Effective communication is triad consisting of leader, the members of the work group and the environment in which the work is to be performed. The leader’s job is to build an environment in which the framework can be achieved. One of the major objectives is to create and maintain credibility with the group work. Four factors influence this effort: drive, dependability, competence, and credibility. This effort is important in formal organization because its purpose is to provide specific instructions about the duties of the job and how to perform them. To provide the employees with rationale of doing particularly job an understanding about how that job relates to other jobs to provide necessary data regarding the procedures policies and practices of the organization, to provide performance feedback to employees regarding how they are doing and to provide information that will convey a sense of mission and an understanding of corporate goals. †¦.. Information is provided quickly and in a direct, face to face manner when presented orally, written method communication is more formality and permanent and quite often that is what formal communication is all about, the disadvantage for this is that the dozen of memos are sent weekly and effective downward communication can help improve organization performance. ( both writer and oral communication can complete the process of information downward the organization). However, management also need to focus on ways to improve upward communication the information flow from subordinates to superior. The main benefits for upward communication include: a. Feedback regarding employees’ altitudes and feelings b. Suggestions for improved procedures and techniques as well as for new ideas c. Feedback regarding how well the down ward communication system is working d. Information about production and goal attainments e. Request from subordinates for supplies, assistance and support. However, upwards communication is not seen as very effective. †¦. Effective communication is based on strategy. A manager communicates the parameter of actions to those who must act. The massage and message receivers of effective communication are based on intended economic results. Reputation is often overlooked in strategic planning. It is an attributed character that exists outside an organization and it is largely independent of it. A company can influence its reputation, but it cannot control it. Reputation is linked directly to credibility, indirectly to esteem†¦.. According to James,L (1995) Strategy and effective communication, Strategy is found together by communication which transmits goals, purposes and decisions to those who carry them out. it is inevitably found to individuals comprising an organization and how each person interprets the content of a strategy message. A company may move quickly at the top and ignore challenges of making strategic work at the bottom. Companies do not need to define their goals and strategies formally. They do not need to define them at all as long as they can communicate and gain coordinated action from participants in the economic transaction He adds that, Credibility becomes critical component of strategy when the key participant does not believe in a company’s goal and plans. A strategic message also must fit societal and governmental expectations if not, it can create dissonance. When a society expects a company to act one way and it acts in another, the company may find that public opinion, regulation and the law are thrown against it. Hence, its performance is disturbed †¦.. Traditionally, communication has been said to have four primary communication functions within the organization context a)An integrative function b)An informative function c)A command regulative function d)A persuasive function The informative function All members of the organization have the information that enable them to do their work. Informative communication is necessary to the performance of tasks, much of information desired by members of an organization has little to do with their actual tasks. For instance employee generally like to know the company’s financial standing how other division in the organization doing, how government regulations affect their organization and some of the personal achievements of employees. Such information does not assist the actual work flow in any direct sense but employees express a need to know it and the organization to know it and the organization should therefore ensure that they get it The command to regulative function A whole communication network of manuals, policies order, instructions and directives comprises the guidelines by which the entire organization is run and by its nature it only tells people what do not but at the same time rules out all their other alternatives. It is the means by which management exercises control of the system and managements’ ability to coordinate all the activities of organization depending on how well it executes this control Two characteristic of this command regulative function: one is they are peculiarly a management into prerogative. Orders and instructions always flow from superior down wards to subordinates. An order presumes the communication is in a position of authority to issue the command and to expect the receiver to comply Secondly, the content of the command and regulative message is essentially work oriented. They centre primarily on the task necessary to do one’s job. This is to say that, there must be communication system because employees at every level of organization need to know what is expected of them and what criticism are placed on their freedom to use their own judgment. Persuasive function Persuades function operates throughout the organization wherever people find it necessary to build a case for their ideas and their behaviors. Both managers and non- managers must use it. It is important to see how persuasive function supplements the command and regulative function because much of what happens in any organization happens because of persuasion rather them orders. †¦. Integrative function The whole range of communication activities designed by management to cause the employees to identify with the organization is hoped to feel that he/she is vital part of it. management has to design some channels of communication to keep the staff informed. They can use newsletters, newspapers, films and film, strips to explain the company’s financial picture/changes within the company. visits by top managements feel that building up the employees’ identification with the total company is worth the expenditure. Also the employee get sense of integrations through informal communication in the organization this is because, social relation among employees performs an integrated functions. Principles of effective communication According http://www. sideraod. com/ There are five principles which ensure effective communication the first principle is to get appropriate feedback. The second is to really connect with your audience, it is fallacy that the mere sending out of information is a communicative act. To connect with your audience you need to address their different needs as partners because communication is a two- way process. Decide what you want the outcome of your communication to be: to inform, persuade, shock, praise, criticize, shore, please, inspire. Whatever the aims is you need to plan your message medium, to trigger the emotion and cognitive responses that will ensure you engage you audience. The third principle of effective communication is to listen and understand first. Don’t send out a message until you know what your audience need. If you are concerned about the quality of somebody’s work. For example don’t, jump in and issue on official warning. First find out what the employees perception is. The fourth principle is to understand that communication is more than the surface meaning of words. You need to be able to interpret other people message. this is just another form of feedback for example, you make an announcement and your group is discussing the information with you they may feel inhabited about disagreeing openly but ready to signs because you don’t have to be openly aggressive to show disagreement: body language, kind of words they use, the tone of voice. Some body who is receptive will give you eye contact will rearm forward and will participate by asking questions , or offering to assist in some way The fifth principle is respect. To communicate with those we want to persuade we need to respect them. Just because they don’t agree with use, doesn’t make them inferior or wrong. They have cultural back grounds and history that have led them to a particular course of action. To translate that to the workplace, you will only gain the cooperation of employees if they know you respect them by not ignoring their needs and rights 2. 2 empirical literature reviews According to John Clark (2003) good communication is one of the missing ingredient to complete the essential tool for those who aspire to move into management, those who have recently taken on a managerial or supervisory role, and those who want to improve their effectiveness when dealing with people they manager or guide as well as improve their communication with other department in their company/organization. In any type of business, effective communication is essential because of information exchange and performance in organization. It is said that a business or organization is a human decision – making system in which the quality of the decision are determined by the effectiveness of communication apparatus when communication either by fax emails, telephone, text, memo or letters should ask ourselves if the message or instructions will be easily understood by the person receiving it. The most important limitations on people’s perception are often based or cultural or emotional differences. The fact that the unexpected communication may be resented is not the issue, what often happens is if the message has not actually been received at all. It has been neither hard nor seen when we communicate there are always demands that the recipient becomes some one, does things and believes something. Before we communicate we consider the recipient expectation and make reasonable assumptions about their expectation Effective communication is good for motivation. If the communication gels with the aspiration, the values and the point of view of the recipient, it is a powerful thing. However, if it goes against the goals and ambitions of that particular individual it is highly likely that the communication will either not be received at all or meet stiff resistance Communication process According http://www. amoils. com/ The message is sent to a receiver through a medium either verbally or non- verbally. The receiver then translates the words or non- verbal gestures into a concept information and return the feedback. The success of the transmission deepens on two factors content and context Content: Is the actual words/ symbols that constitutes a part of the message known as language. It should be either spoken/ write. We all interpret words in our own ways. So much so that even simple message could be understood differently. Context : is the way the message is delivered, the tone ,expressions in the sender’ s eyes, body language, hand gestures, and state of emotion (anger, fear, uncertainty, confidence and so on) As we believe what we see more that what we hear, we trust the accuracy of non verbal behavior more than verbal behavior. So when we communicate the other person notices two things: what we say and how we say it. Normally, communication is complete once we have conveyed the message properly, message hasn’t been communicated successfully unless the receiver understand it completely and this is done by using two way communication/feedback Values of communication According to Julias,T (1992) communication in our lives also say that communication has its value that are persona value which means that humans are taken into humanity which means that we gain personal identity as we communicate with others. Relationship value it means that communication is the key of foundation of relationship, also there is other value like professional value, as well as culture value which means that communication skills are important to the health of our society. 2. 3 theoretical frameworks Behavioral theory Business communication by Lehman and Dufrene,etal (1992) theory of communication include a recognition of the social situation in which an individual finds himself, he then examine the network through which communication flows and discuss the transmission and reception of information ,the individual response and his ability to make in his own behavior. Understanding of other’s personality is possible only after observation of how that person interacts with himself and others. Behavioral theory relate also to my topic because the manager of an organization is very important to understand the behavior of other workers so as to know how to control and organize the different issues in an organization through understanding the behavior of workers and through that the manager can bring positive change in organization because it become very easily for the him/her to maintain the issue of effective communication as well as to solve different problem that face organization by knowing behavior of his workers in organization. 2. 4 Research gap The other researchers concentrate much on providing meaning of communication and effective communication in an organization rather than other alternatives like identification of communication problems faced by the managers in the organization,means by which communication problems can be solved and how effective communication contribute to improve managerial performance to achieve organizational objectives, by doing so it’s now for authors to concentrate on other ways like giving out the origin, importance as well as effect of communication in an organization . this research intend to fill the gap. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Type of research The type of research used is qualitative used approach which places primary emphasis on inductive methods. This emphasis is derived from the preposition that each social system is uniquely constructed, meaning the things are different to different people (Anderson 1987:150) This approach is possible in this research in that it allows participants to present reality in their in their natural setting it is a systematic investigation that is used to understand the meaning of various phenomenon from how people perceive it (Kisilu 2006:70) Through this approach the research was able to get the information from respondents in their natural settings. The methods choosen for this research is to concentrate on respondents who will give the required information of about the importance of effective communication in improving organization performance 3. 2 Target population The target population in this research is TBL, its various publics few customers who use TBL products. The researcher takes into consideration that these people have been access of infor since they know hoe people work and communicate in their daily activities. The research choose this people because it can provide the information on if the effective communication the determinate of their organization performance. 3. 3 Sampling technique and Sample size A sample is selected populations form the whole population under study which represents the whole people. In this research sample are used with regards to problems of money, time and distance. The researcher used simple random technique which is a probability sample where each member each member of the people has on equal chance of being selected. It requires that each member of the people be dealt with in the exactly the same way. That is no fiasing, no stacking, of the deck in favor of certain member or against others (Anderson 1987:151). The sample size of the study had a total of 45 respondents The researcher selected the sample randomly form the organization and few customers depending on the scope of the study. Respondents form TSSL), 14 respondent external officials and customers and i3 respondents form various publics 3. 4 Data collection Data were collected through structural interview, questionnaire and observation. The collection technique used will add validity to the data collection than a single method 3. 5 Structure interview Interview involves presentation of oral – verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral verbal response it can be used through personal or telephone interview. interview is good way of accessing peoples perceptions definition of situations and construction of reality The researcher interviewed the respondent ants to understand the importance of effective communication promoting the image of the organization. The researcher used structural interview because its good way that gives an opportunity for the researcher to observe and understand what the respondents explain to him/her in relation to the research topic 3. 6 Questionnaire Questionnaire consist of a number of questions printed/typed in definite order on a form or set of forms. The questionnaire can be mailed/distributed to respondents who are expected to read and understand and write down the reply it also allows respond, who are not easy approachable to be reached conveniently. The researcher uses self- administered questionnaire with both close and open questions 3. 7 Observation The research used observation so as to note facial expression and confidence of the respondents when responding questions. The information obtained under this methods related to what is currently happening it is also complicated by either the past behavior or future altitudes. So, by observing facial expression and confidence form the respondents the researcher gets more information .

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On April 20,1999 there was a school massacre that went down in history for the worst. This massacre involved two teens that attended the Columbine High School that planned this activity for one year unnoticed by many faculty in the school , the community members, friends and parents. These two boys seemed like ordinary teens with problems coping with their feelings. In this paper I will be applying the General Strain Theory to Dillon Clebold and Eric Harris to explore more why they did what they did. The General Strain Theory was first adopted by Robert Merton who was a sociologist. This theory had many sociologist’s arguing that there are more sources of strain that Merton did not realize. The one sociologist that made sence of the theory was Robert Agnew. Agnew says that there are three types of strain which are Stain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals, Strain as the removal of positively valued stimuli, and Strain as the presentation of negative stimuli. The General Strain Theory links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates the anger and frustration that lead to delinquent acts (Juvenile Delinquency p.89). When things happen we ask why? Why did Dillon Clebold and Eric Harris want to hurt many people? The theory that most explains why they wanted to hurt others is Strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals. They wanted revenge on others because they were not being treated fairly. These two teens were victims of bullying because others did not accept them for who they were as millions of teens are victims of these heartless actions of other teens. These other classmates also teased and threw stuff at them for being in a gang called the trench coat mafia. This teasing caused Dillon and Eric to become very depressed because they wanted to be respected... Free Essays on Columbine Free Essays on Columbine On April 20,1999 there was a school massacre that went down in history for the worst. This massacre involved two teens that attended the Columbine High School that planned this activity for one year unnoticed by many faculty in the school , the community members, friends and parents. These two boys seemed like ordinary teens with problems coping with their feelings. In this paper I will be applying the General Strain Theory to Dillon Clebold and Eric Harris to explore more why they did what they did. The General Strain Theory was first adopted by Robert Merton who was a sociologist. This theory had many sociologist’s arguing that there are more sources of strain that Merton did not realize. The one sociologist that made sence of the theory was Robert Agnew. Agnew says that there are three types of strain which are Stain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals, Strain as the removal of positively valued stimuli, and Strain as the presentation of negative stimuli. The General Strain Theory links delinquency to the strain of being locked out of the economic mainstream, which creates the anger and frustration that lead to delinquent acts (Juvenile Delinquency p.89). When things happen we ask why? Why did Dillon Clebold and Eric Harris want to hurt many people? The theory that most explains why they wanted to hurt others is Strain caused by failure to achieve positively valued goals. They wanted revenge on others because they were not being treated fairly. These two teens were victims of bullying because others did not accept them for who they were as millions of teens are victims of these heartless actions of other teens. These other classmates also teased and threw stuff at them for being in a gang called the trench coat mafia. This teasing caused Dillon and Eric to become very depressed because they wanted to be respected...

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A child is an active participant in creating knowledge. When he encounters something new, he reconciles it with previous ideas, abandons irrelevant information, and generates new knowledge. Constructivism does not dismiss the crucial role teachers play in facilitating learning. Teachers are instrumental in creating the learning environment, as well as opportunities for theory-building through utilizing big ideas (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Through the guidance of an expert, a child is encouraged to learn at a higher level. Theory-Building in Young Children The constructivists approach views children with a natural desire to understand his or her world. To comprehend, a child develops theories, explores the theories, and constructs new knowledge based on the results and what he already knows While teaching a unit on animals, students became particularly interested in penguins, and why they have wings but do not fly. The teacher decides to allow the children to further explore penguins as part of a research unit. The children discover that penguins use their wings to swim, and are excellent swimmers. This discovery prompted some students to develop a theory that all animals with wings are good swimmers. The teacher schedules a tour to the local zoo to observe several winged animals; some of which who swim, and some who do not. During the visit, students had several questions about specific animals, and began to understand that not all animals who have wings can swim. The children initially believed all animals with wings can fly. After l earning that penguins have wings, but use them to swim, the students understood that not all animals with wings can fly. They then adjust their thinking again to believe all animals with wings can swim. Through this process of theory-building, the students constructed new knowledge about winged animals. Big Ideas in Instruction Building on topics that interest children, big ideas provide structure that promote further learning (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Utilizing big ideas, children develop a curiosity about concepts, and are better able to make sense of otherwise isolated facts. Learning concepts that are connected to an overarching idea, support more comprehensive understanding (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). A big idea that can be used in the early childhood classroom, is the big idea relationships. Engaging students through the study of community helpers, and how they can help them, could encompass various areas of the curriculum. Music can be incorporated as songs are sung about various community helper jobs. Exploring community helper vehicles, students would have the opportunity to sort small toy vehicles according to characteristics, or finger paint a picture of the vehicles. These activities promote fine motor skills. An art component can also be integrated, as children draw, or finger paint pictures of the vehicle that are used to help the community. Playing various helpers jobs, could create opportunities for children to explore and discover how various tools are used to perform the jobs. This can also invite discussion about the exchange of goods or services. Through play, children will interact with each other and the environment, developing interest in the big ideas that frame them (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Music and movement can be incorporated as children sing songs about the helpers, and pretend to do each job. Assessing Math and Science Assessments should support a childs learning of math and science concepts. Appropriate assessment methods are vital to evaluating what a child has learned, and forming future instruction. When assessing young childrens conceptual development in math and science, educators must consider the course of development for each child, as well as his or her culture and background (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Evaluation of the skills learned by young children must rely upon practices that fit expected learning skills and behavior for their stage, and adjust as appropriate to support growth and development. Posing specific open-ended questions, assessments should be conducted in various settings, including whole group, and one on one situations to acquire an actual picture of the childs comprehension of concepts (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Assessment Guides Instruction The overall objective of assessments, is to assist teachers in making appropriate instructional decisions regarding how to best teach children. Each childs learning should be assessed as part of an ongoing cycle of planning, documenting, and evaluation. Following, or during instruction, an assessment is conducted and analyzed to formulate decisions to re-teach, offer further support, or proceed with the current plan (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Assessment Documentation Documentation includes, gathering and analyzing information about childrens knowledge and is vital to the process of assessing childrens learning. Through various types of documentation, evidence of a childs though process is preserved to support the teachers analysis (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Two forms of documentation that support assessments are, recording comments of children as they work and, compiling a book of childrens illustrations (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Recording children, and their conversation while working, provides significant information regarding the learning and thought process. As children are encouraged to make representations of their learning, and provided with the tools necessary, they can represent their understanding of a concept (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). The finished product can be compiled into a class book and serve as documentation of their learning. Both methods are useful when discussing progress with the child, or with families. Interviewing for Assessment Consisting of four main parts, the flexible interview allows the child to manipulate materials as he or she explains their thought process (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). This method gives the teacher insight into the childs thinking Conducting an interview is an effective tool to assess childrens understanding of math and science concepts. Interviewing gathers valuable information that will aid the teacher in understanding the childs thinking, and plan effective lessons that meet the needs of each child (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Conclusion The constructivist approach focuses on a child constructing learning based on his experiences. Because of his desire to comprehend the world, a child will build and apply theories to develop understanding, resulting in the formation of new learning. The teacher can aid children in learning at a higher level, by implementing big ideas in the curriculum. Assessments are also instrumental in promoting a childs learning. Assessments in math and science can inform a teacher about what the child knows and can do. In the absence of assessments, teaching would be comprised of lessons and activities that move forward, whether they make sense, or a child understands or not. Through assessment, and documentation, instruction is formulated to meet the needs of all children. References Chaillà ©, C., Davis, S. M. (2016). Integrating math and science in early childhood classrooms through big ideas: A constructivist approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. Through investigating his world, a child uses natural curiosity to formulate theories and construct knowledge. Incorporating big ideas into the curriculum, teachers can engage children as they develop a deeper understanding of concepts that are related (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Further supporting childrens learning, assessments are crucial in formulating instruction, and understanding what a child knows and can do. A culmination of the aforementioned strategies will be discussed, in relation to the constructivist learning theory. Constructivism Theory Constructivism learning theory is a philosophy which enhances students rational and conceptual growth. The basic premise within constructivism, is the function experiences, or connections, play in a childs learning. In an attempt to understand his world, a child reflects on his experiences to build new knowledge (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). A child is an active participant in creating knowledge. When he encounters something new, he reconciles it with previous ideas, abandons irrelevant information, and generates new knowledge. Constructivism does not dismiss the crucial role teachers play in facilitating learning. Teachers are instrumental in creating the learning environment, as well as opportunities for theory-building through utilizing big ideas (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Through the guidance of an expert, a child is encouraged to learn at a higher level. Theory-Building in Young Children The constructivists approach views children with a natural desire to understand his or her world. To comprehend, a child develops theories, explores the theories, and constructs new knowledge based on the results and what he already knows While teaching a unit on animals, students became particularly interested in penguins, and why they have wings but do not fly. The teacher decides to allow the children to further explore penguins as part of a research unit. The children discover that penguins use their wings to swim, and are excellent swimmers. This discovery prompted some students to develop a theory that all animals with wings are good swimmers. The teacher schedules a tour to the local zoo to observe several winged animals; some of which who swim, and some who do not. During the visit, students had several questions about specific animals, and began to understand that not all animals who have wings can swim. The children initially believed all animals with wings can fly. After l earning that penguins have wings, but use them to swim, the students understood that not all animals with wings can fly. They then adjust their thinking again to believe all animals with wings can swim. Through this process of theory-building, the students constructed new knowledge about winged animals. Big Ideas in Instruction Building on topics that interest children, big ideas provide structure that promote further learning (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Utilizing big ideas, children develop a curiosity about concepts, and are better able to make sense of otherwise isolated facts. Learning concepts that are connected to an overarching idea, support more comprehensive understanding (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). A big idea that can be used in the early childhood classroom, is the big idea relationships. Engaging students through the study of community helpers, and how they can help them, could encompass various areas of the curriculum. Music can be incorporated as songs are sung about various community helper jobs. Exploring community helper vehicles, students would have the opportunity to sort small toy vehicles according to characteristics, or finger paint a picture of the vehicles. These activities promote fine motor skills. An art component can also be integrated, as children draw, or finger paint pictures of the vehicle that are used to help the community. Playing various helpers jobs, could create opportunities for children to explore and discover how various tools are used to perform the jobs. This can also invite discussion about the exchange of goods or services. Through play, children will interact with each other and the environment, developing interest in the big ideas that frame them (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Music and movement can be incorporated as children sing songs about the helpers, and pretend to do each job. Assessing Math and Science Assessments should support a childs learning of math and science concepts. Appropriate assessment methods are vital to evaluating what a child has learned, and forming future instruction. When assessing young childrens conceptual development in math and science, educators must consider the course of development for each child, as well as his or her culture and background (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Evaluation of the skills learned by young children must rely upon practices that fit expected learning skills and behavior for their stage, and adjust as appropriate to support growth and development. Posing specific open-ended questions, assessments should be conducted in various settings, including whole group, and one on one situations to acquire an actual picture of the childs comprehension of concepts (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Assessment Guides Instruction The overall objective of assessments, is to assist teachers in making appropriate instructional decisions regarding how to best teach children. Each childs learning should be assessed as part of an ongoing cycle of planning, documenting, and evaluation. Following, or during instruction, an assessment is conducted and analyzed to formulate decisions to re-teach, offer further support, or proceed with the current plan (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Assessment Documentation Documentation includes, gathering and analyzing information about childrens knowledge and is vital to the process of assessing childrens learning. Through various types of documentation, evidence of a childs though process is preserved to support the teachers analysis (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Two forms of documentation that support assessments are, recording comments of children as they work and, compiling a book of childrens illustrations (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Recording children, and their conversation while working, provides significant information regarding the learning and thought process. As children are encouraged to make representations of their learning, and provided with the tools necessary, they can represent their understanding of a concept (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). The finished product can be compiled into a class book and serve as documentation of their learning. Both methods are useful when discussing progress with the child, or with families. Interviewing for Assessment Consisting of four main parts, the flexible interview allows the child to manipulate materials as he or she explains their thought process (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). This method gives the teacher insight into the childs thinking Conducting an interview is an effective tool to assess childrens understanding of math and science concepts. Interviewing gathers valuable information that will aid the teacher in understanding the childs thinking, and plan effective lessons that meet the needs of each child (Chaillà ¨ Davis, 2016). Conclusion The constructivist approach focuses on a child constructing learning based on his experiences. Because of his desire to comprehend the world, a child will build and apply theories to develop understanding, resulting in the formation of new learning. The teacher can aid children in learning at a higher level, by implementing big ideas in the curriculum. Assessments are also instrumental in promoting a childs learning. Assessments in math and science can inform a teacher about what the child knows and can do. In the absence of assessments, teaching would be comprised of lessons and activities that move forward, whether they make sense, or a child understands or not. Through assessment, and documentation, instruction is formulated to meet the needs of all children. References Chaillà ©, C., Davis, S. M. (2016). Integrating math and science in early childhood classrooms through big ideas: A constructivist approach. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.

Rental Income Essay -- Business, Taxes

In order to qualify as a REIT for any taxable year, at least 95% of a REIT’s gross income must be derived from sources such as dividends, interest, and 75% of income from items related to certain real property. The items of income related to real estate assets are listed under IRC  §856(c)(3) which includes, among other sources, rents from real property, interest on obligations secured by real property or on interests in real property, gain from the sale or other disposition of real property that is not inventory or dealer property, and dividends and gains from the sale or orther disposition of shares in other qualifying REITs. For the purpose of the income tests described above, IRC  § 856(d)(1) provides that the term rents from real property includes â€Å"rents from interests in real property, charges for services customarily furnished or rendered in connection with the rental of real property, whether or not such charges are separately stated, and rent attributable to personal property which is leased under, or in connection with, a lease of real property, but only if the rent attributable to such personal property for the taxable year does not exceed 15 percent of the total rent for the taxable year attributable to both the real and personal property leased under, or in connection with, such lease†. To provide guidance with regard to tiered partnerships, the Treasury prescribed Reg.  § 1.856-3(g) which states that a REIT is permitted to look through a partnership in which it is a partner for the purposes of applying the income tests of IRC  § 856(c)(2) and IRC  § 856(c)(3). This regulation section provides that a REIT is deemed to own a proportionate share of each of the assets of the partnership and that it is deemed to be ent... ...hall be issued to provide that certain items of gross income will not be taken into account in determining income or loss from any activity. The court could not justify treating IRC  §469(l)(1) as self-executing and IRC  §469(l)(2) as not being self-executing. The court stated that there was intent to promulgate regulations to carry out a statutory purpose and the fact that regulations are not forthcoming cannot be an acceptable basis to preclude taxpayer from congressionally intended and appropriate relief. In addition, the court emphasized that Hillman’s approach in netting his share of self-charged management fee expense with gross income from the activities fulfills the economic significance concern. The taxpayer did not experience accretion in wealth. The court did not see an economic difference between this situation and one involving self-charged lending.

Importance of Play in Children Essay

In the life of an infant there are many important for the healthy development and learning, however there are many variations on how to learn and develop, by the influence exercised in the future environment. Among all variations which may be mentioned one of utmost importance is the game for all the benefits that entails. Play is where the child occupies most of their time, encouragement and the acquisition of a full development in areas that would not be achieved otherwise. Supplementing play time to the early years of the child is of paramount importance, because this way they create emotional ties to the person who accompanies him on his playing time. The development of both cognitive and psychomotor also is achieved with the help of the game. Most of the game has as main focus to educate, is a method used as therapy for children’s learning. Play helps a child not only to entertain also a way to communicate, according to a recent report articulo. org (2011) is the natural way they have to communicate. Experiencing the environment will give them the ability to develop imagination, reality reflect and change his game. The importance of play in the lives of children in the first months, where everything is at your fingertips in a toy including his own body, his hands and feet. The game is to educate the child from his first moves; early education positively reinforces the child’s development. The child is born with the need to learn everything during their life cycle, because they only know how to eat and mourn. The babies need to play is constant, however the games for baby stimulation should be used with caution always thinking age. The game is directly tied to the limitations of the baby, example would be when he considers the baby babbling and playing with bubbles of saliva while moving his limbs, has cognitive as well as psychomotor limitations. The development will be giving as time passes, because anger having more movement and coordination to reach other levels of play. The use of sensory play helps child development, games where touch, vision and hearing play a central role. The game that touch help to develop a greater capacity, due to the different textures of toys, squeeze toys, direct contact with the environment, but also help the child’s hearing and vision. The motivation to child through auditory stimuli, help in its development, the ability to identify auditory stimuli while playing will help in their development. The visual stimuli used in games such as colors, shapes of animals will be of great help to the baby’s cognitive development. The dedication of the adults to play with their children is essential for the development and utility you may have. The toys are inanimate objects until someone uses them and gives them life in the middle of the game for one of many reasons for parents to become involved in their children’s development through play. Children and the game is tied, will be the basis to prepare individuals to be productive in adulthood. The game is and will be an essential part of child development, support generated by the game in different areas of the child is more than enough reason to consider it very important. The importance of parents to be part of the game, but you have to be strengthened day by day involvement. The benefits of play are but the consequences it may have on the child and child development will be very helpful in their life cycle. INFLUENCE OF GROUPS IN CHILDREN. Humans learn socialization through peer groups share which have an important role in the development during early childhood. The mom and dad influence helps to add the basic values that are the foundation, but the influence of a peer group is extremely strong in the child’s upbringing. Children socialize with their peers without being totally controlled by the power of their parents, and are free to socialize and be influenced by the group. The need felt by children of recognition and acceptance by others in your group. According to Sharon Powell (2009), the Leadership Training Center Princeton in his research found that peer acceptance influences the sense of security, the perception of the importance and independence in decision-making. Powell also noted in his research that supports the theory that happiness and adjustment of children, depends largely on the development of relations of the group they belong at specified times. The realization of the positive or negative influence on a child should be identified as soon as possible, however positive pressure monitored groups can be of great help to the child. A negative group can lead to bad behaviors, which the group perceives as acceptable. Negative influences in children compared with positive influences, you could tell from the breeding sites each child, the disproportionate percentages of conduct against misconduct in many cases leading to criminal situations. The negative orientation of the group is an important moderator of conduct between the influence and values established by the company, which is reflected in the child’s life during adolescence and adulthood. Imitation and realization among children is an element of similar behaviors, so the importance of specific lifestyle takes, such as games. Keeping children engaged in sports, academic, religious and other child would influence the direction to follow rules and be a productive part of society. The reality is that the groups are very important in children, but if they are unable to focus groups with pre-set goals, like-minded baseball teams overseas camps, that will keep the child focused on the ultimate prize. The groups have an important role in child development and should not be avoided by thinking of the negative influence which may represent the child. Socialization is very important in the development of the child, meet new friends, independence from parents in times of play, teamwork, and many other benefits that this brings. Acceptance of the groups and maintaining a monitoring group to which the child belongs is of utmost importance, however the successful development of the child to share with their peers will be paramount in making a choice for the father to allow or not group sharing. REFERENCES (2011) articulo. org (2009) Powell, Sharon http://www. princetonleadership. org

ageisum Essays

ageisum Essays ageisum Essay ageisum Essay Modern society views aging as a form of sickness and the elderly as persons who are closer to dying and death. This is what is often portrayed in our mass and social media. When considering issues of aging sociologists have found that more positive characteristics are often said for persons under sixty five years than for over sixty five years. For instance , growth and development, beauty, good health, happiness are more likely to be listed as characteristics of being under sixty five years, whereas decline health, loneliness undesired physical appearance are likely to be listed for ersons over sixty five years. According to the Centre of Confidence and well being (n. d) reports stereotypes of the elderly as being needy, unhappy, senile, unable to learn new things and less useful than their younger counterparts. The author overview of this paper in conclusion we shall first address the factors that may be responsible for the modern day perception of the elderly, theoretical perspectives on aging, effects of ageism and the changes that society can make to eliminate the negative perceptions of aging. The elders in our society was not always iewed negatively according to gerontologist David Hackett Fisher who noted that literature from the seventeenth and eighteenth century colonial American stressed deference and respect for the elderly. He maintains that the elderly were held in veneration. In European culture the image of the elderly was dominated for a long time by the ambivalent traditions. The elderly was both seen as a wise and dignified as well as the old fool. Literature in pre-industrial France according to Jean-Pierre Gutton, marked by this twofold traditions. Seventeenth-century poetry on the other hand held a more positive view of the aged. In general the image of the elderly in pre-industrial France was more negative than positive. This changed after 1750 under the influence of Romanticism when the image of the wise old men and women acquired additional significance. The elderly came to symbolize virtue and reason. Different cultures treat the elderly in different ways. Cox (1998) notes research showing an inverse relationship between the degree of modernization and the status accorded old persons (Cox, 1998, 1), which means that in the more industrialized nations, the older person has a lower status than is the case in less industrialized nations. This is something we can see all around us as our own culture celebrates youth to the exclusion of the old and has been charged with throwing away older people. Despite industrialization of the Asian society according to Erdman Falmores we witness evidence of Falmores observation that Japan, whose level of industrialization matches Americans own, nevertheless maintains a strong tradition of filial piety and successful integration of elderly citizens into community life. There appears to be a great variation as to the treatment that older adults receive, ranging from extreme reverence and respect to bandonment and deprivation, McTavish (1971) reviewed the methodology and findings of a broad range of studies dealing with perceptions of old age. He states, Most investigators report findings which support the view that attitudes toward the modernization to the point of generally negative view in industrialized Western nations (p. 91). In other words, the more civilized the society is, the more likely they are to be ageist and maintain negative attitudes about the aged. For instance men in the Middle East view old age as lifes summit (Slater, 1964). Older men are viewed as having attained high status and prestige. In fact, according to Slater, the word sheik originally meant old man. Womens status and power does increase in many cultures following menopause. Okada (1962, cited in Gutmann, 1985) states that the old widow has great power in the Japanese family. Women in many small scale traditional societies also enjoy an increase in status (Brown, 1985). Post-menopausal women in these societies usually experience greater sexual freedom, the right to participate in ritual, the right to participate in the political realm of the society, and a decrease in the amount of work required in the home. With regard to work, the older oman is expected to be leisured. The cross-cultural differences in attitudes towards the aged may in part be due to different societal perspectives. In most western cultures the elderly today are hardly regarded with religious awe or reverence. They have become virtual outcasts of society, many living on the fringe, often in retirement communities or in nursing homes. William Withers states that modern cultures have coped with the death of the aged, minimizing its disruptiveness, by disengaging the elderly from the vital functions of society (518). In most modern society, emphasis and value are placed on youth, with advertising eared toward and glamorizing the young. In the entertainment industry which has a big influence on culture aging is seen as a shameful thing when in reality its a natural process. Aging gracefully is a thing of the past when there is pressure to stay young with technological advances by performing invasive cosmetic surgeries to fight the aging process and different types of ageing products. Aging in todays society is seen more as a disease than a natural process. The elderly are victims of mistaken beliefs and irrational attitudes promulgated by society, largely through the various mass media. Considering this phenomena which emerged during the twentieth century and their relationship to the changes in economics and social policy during that time in order to understand the way in which society conceptualizes and organize, sometimes through social policy, an age grouping to meet its perceived values, ideas or needs. The pensioner a term which did not exist in the earlier part of the last century but one which is now applied collectively to all those who are reaching retirement age, are forced to retire from employment in order to create jobs for younger members of society. For many elders this is a sentence to live on a vastly reduced income, whereas for others it is a time of choice and opportunity to spend more time with friends and family. However this is fluid and dependent on the demographics and economy of the society, the retirement age in the I-JK is set to rise to sixty-six years in 2024, sixty-seven years in 2034, sixty-eight years in 2044 for both sexes (Department of Work and Pensions, 2006). The position of the aged in modern society is clearly a reflection of the process of disengagement, referred to by Morgan Kunkel (1998) in terms of retirement. Disengagement should be a social process that moves older people into a new arrangement, but still into full participation within the social world (Morgan Kunkel, 1998, 6). Disengagement this willingly and with the approval of successive generations who benefit via the enhanced employment opportunities which then become available. By contrast, activity theorists argues that the only way to resist disengagement was to maintain a middle age lifestyle (Fennell Phillipson and Evers, 1989). Although critics have argued that, many older people do withdraw from the public sphere, there is little vidence to suggest that they do so voluntarily; rather, aging practices such as low retirement income and dependency creating services restrict most of them their capacity to remain active citizens. A political economy perspective on aging also points to increasing polarity of the aging experience, ranging from social exclusion of those older people living in areas of extreme economic deprivation (Schaef et al. 2002 ) to those young at heart, fit and wealthy older people who are the new niche makers of the tourism and travel industry (Warnes et el. , 1999; Ylanne-McEwen, 1999). American society has been described as maintaining a stereotypic and often negative perception of older adults (Busse, 1968). This negative and/or stereotypic perception of aging and aged individuals is readily apparent in such areas as language, media, and humor. For example, such commonly used phrases as over the hill and dont be an old fuddy-duddy denote old age as a period of impotency and incompetency (Nuessel, 1982). The term used to describe this stereotypic and often negative bias against older adults is ageism (Butler, 1969). Ageism can be defined as any attitude, action, or institutional structure which ubordinates a person or group because of age or any assignment of roles in society purely on the basis of age (Traxler, 1980, p. 4). As an ism, ageism reflects a prejudice in society against older adults. According to Bytheway (1995), ageism exists throughout the life course. Ageism consists ofa negative bias or stereotypic attitude toward aging and the aged. It is maintained in the form of primarily negative stereotypes and myths concerning the older adult. Traxler (1980) outlines four factors that have contributed to this negative image of aging. The factor that is postulated to ontribute to ageism is the fear of death in Western society. Western civilization conceptualizes death as outside of the human life cycle (Butler Lewis, 1977). As such, death is experienced and viewed as an affront to the self. Death is not seen as natural and inevitable part of the life course therefore, death is feared. As death is feared, old age is feared; death and old age are viewed as synonymous in American society (Kastenbaum, 1979). Kastenbaum (1973) hypothesizes that ageism attitudes and stereotypes serve to insulate the young and middle-aged from the ambivalence they feel towards the elderly. This ambivalence results from the fact that the older adult is viewed as representing aging and death. Butler (1969) states: Ageism reflects a deep seated uneasiness on the part of the young and middle-aged a personal revulsion to and distaste for growing old, disease, disability; and a fear of powerlessness, uselessness, and death ((p. 43). This represents the most commonly argued basis for ageism. Furthermore according to Traxler (1980) to contribute to ageism is the emphasis on the youth culture in American society. For example, the media, ranging from television to novels, place an emphasis on youth, hysical beauty, and sexuality. Older adults are primarily ignored or portrayed negatively (Martel, 1968; Northcott, 1975). The emphasis on youth not only affects themselves. Persons who are dependent on physical appearance and youth for their identity are likely to experience loss of self-esteem with age (Block, Davidson, Grumbs, 1981). The emphasis in American culture productivity contributes to ageism in American culture (Traxler, 1980). It should be noted that productivity is narrowly defined in terms of economic potential. Both ends of the life cycle are iewed as unproductive, children and the aged. The middle-aged are perceived as carrying the burdens imposed by both groups (Butler, 1969). Children, however, are viewed as having future economic potential. In a way, they are seen as an economic investment. Economically, older adults are perceived as a financial liability. This is not to say that older adults are unproductive. However, upon retirement, the older adult is no longer viewed as economically productive in American society and thus devalued. As a result of living in an ageist society, many older people internalize geist views, because ageist towards their peers, and try to distance themselves from other old people. Furthermore, poorly controlled gerontological studies have reinforced the negative image of the older adult. However, there appears to be a large societal influence on ageist attitudes. Therefore, until these societal influences are addressed, ageism cannot be obliterated. For example, if the fear of death and therefore aging is not somehow addressed societally, then younger individuals will continue to attempt to make the older population somehow different from themselves. This differentiation of themselves from older adults, thus serves to protect them from the reality of death. In working with older people we must recognize that our starting point is one of disadvantage and discrimination rather than equality. According to Hughes(1997), anti ageist practice embodies personhood ascribes to all people of all ages the autheriticity and worth of being alive and of having lived; citizenship relationship between the individual and society and how the relationship is defined; emphasizes rights of individual reciprocal responsibilities of individual and society; validates membership of society. Age is to be celebrated as an achievement and as a period to be valued in its own right. As a society we can make the necessary changes to eliminate the negative perceptions of aging, address the factors that may be responsible for the modern day perception of the elderly. Bibliography Janus Head/Alan Pope/Elderly in Modern Society. (n. d. ). Janus Head: Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies inLiterature, Continental Philosophy, Phenomenological Psychology, andthe Arts. Retrieved August 4, 2013, from ]anushead. org/ JHSpg99/pope. cfm The Elderly Disengagement Activity Theories. n. d. ). LotsOfEssays. om Over 32,000 essays, term papers and book reports available for instant access!!. Retrieved August 4, 2013, from lotsofessays. com/ viewpaper Ageism. (n. d. ). Home I Webster University. Retrieved August 4, 2013, from Wellbeing I Violence Reduction Unit. (n. d. ). Violence Reduction Unit I Violence is preventable, not inevitable. Retrieved August 4, 2013, from http:// www. actiononviolence. com/content/centre-confidence-and-wellbeing Feminist Anthropology: A Reader. (n . d. ). Scribd. Retrieved August 4, 2013, from http:// www. scribd. m/doc/144477286/Feminist-Anthropology-A-Reader BBC News Online 2000:Call for enquiry into NSH ageism , 4 August; http:// news. Bbc. co. uk/l/hi/ health/635688. stm. Bytheway, B. 1995: Ageism. Buckinghham: Open University Press. Bytheway, B. , and Johnson,J. 1990: on definding ageism. Critical Social Policy, 27, 27-9. Managing Diversity Inequality in Health Care, 1st Edition I Baxter, C I ISBN 9780702025204. (n. d. ). Elsevier Store I Books, Journals, E-books, Databases, etc. I Welcome. Retrieved August 4, 2013, from http://store. elsevier. com/Managing- Diversity-and-Inequality-in-Health-Care/isbn-9780702025204/

Requisitos seguro mdico CHIP de bajo costo para nios

Requisitos seguro mdico CHIP de bajo costo para nios El Programa de Seguro de Salud para Nià ±os (CHIP, por sus siglas en inglà ©s) es un seguro mà ©dico gratis o a bajo coste para nià ±os y adolescentes  cuyos ingresos familiares les impiden calificar para Medicaid por ser demasiado altos, pero carecen de medios econà ³micos para comprar un seguro mà ©dico adecuado. Recordar que por la ley ACA, que se conoce popularmente como Obamacare  se puede estar obligado a tener seguro mà ©dico y, si no se tiene, puede haber multas. Chip es una opcià ³n para cumplir con ese requisito cuando la compra de un seguro mà ©dico privado para cubrir a los nià ±os resulta muy caro para las familias.   Adems, en algunos estados tambià ©n permite el acceso a embarazadas. Cul es el requisito de edad para obtener CHIP Hay variaciones importantes entre estados, ya que cada uno establece sus reglas. Sin embargo, la regla general ms comà ºn es que la cobertura se extiende a los menores de 19 aà ±os de edad. Adems, algunos estados incluyen la  cobertura de embarazadas sin importar su edad. Quià ©nes califican para CHIP segà ºn estatus migratorio Obviamente, califican los ciudadanos americanos. Pero para todos los que no lo son hay una divisià ³n entre los que califican y los que no. Califican Los  nià ±os y adolescentes  residentes permanentes legales que han cumplido cinco aà ±os con ese estatus, a menos que residan un estado que paga con su propio dinero el acceso a CHIP para estos inmigrantes y/o han aceptado dinero federal para expandir programas ya existentes.   En la actualidad los siguientes estados brindan CHIP a nià ±os sin tener que satisfacer el requisito de los 5 aà ±os de residencia permanente legal: California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Florida,Hawaii, Illinois, Iowa,  Kentucky, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana,Nebraska,  New Mexico, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island,  Texas, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia y Wisconsin. Y tambià ©n Washington D.F. Asimismo, se exceptà ºan de esta regla de los cinco aà ±os los residentes que obtuvieron su green card por motivos humanitarios y los que sirven o han servido con honor en el Ejà ©rcito de Estados Unidos. En Tambià ©n califican los refugiados, asilados y otros migrantes humanitarios y, en  algunos estados, tambià ©n califican los migrantes en estatus PRUCOL.   No califican Los residentes permanentes cuya green card tiene menos de 5 aà ±os, excepto en los estados que sà ­ estn amparados.Los turistasLos estudiantesLas personas con otras visas no inmigrantes, como de inversià ³n, intercambio o trabajoLos migrantes indocumentados Otros requisitos para CHIP En cada estado se pedir cumplir con ciertos niveles de ingresos. Tambià ©n se mira la composicià ³n de la familia y, en algunos estados, se piden requerimientos de historial laboral o incluso un periodo de tiempo sin cobertura mà ©dica. Uno de los requisitos es el de ingresos econà ³micos. En este punto hay grandes diferencias entre estados pero por regla general puede decirse que: Para el caso de nià ±os y adolescentes la mayorà ­a de los estados piden ingresos inferiores al 200 por cien de lo seà ±alado cada aà ±o por el gobierno como là ­nea de la pobreza. Hay estados que cubren con ingresos inferiores al 300 por ciento e incluso los que brindan beneficios con ingresos ms altos.Para el caso de las embarazadas, por regla general se pide tener ingresos no superiores al 185 por ciento de la là ­nea de la pobreza.   En la mayorà ­a de lo casos la persona a cargo del caso verificar electrà ³nicamente que se cumplen los requisitos, por ejemplo, el nivel de ingresos. Sin embargo hay una excepcià ³n a esta regla y es que se deber presentar prueba documental de que se cumplen los requisitos migratorios. Quà © beneficios pueden disfrutarse con CHIP Los nià ±os y adolescentes que cuenten con una tarjeta CHIP podrn gozar de atenciones mà ©dicas que varà ­an de estado a estado. Pero en general suelen estar incluidas las visitas regulares al mà ©dico, gastos de hospital, vacunas, anlisis de laboratorio, limpieza y empastes dentales y revisià ³n de la vista y espejuelos. Tambià ©n se incluyen los medicamentos dados con prescripcià ³n del doctor. Adems de las variaciones en cobertura mà ©dica que se producen entre los estados puede ocurrir que, dentro de un mismo estado, los nià ±os tengan diferentes seguros mà ©dicos. La tarjeta de los menores contiene el nombre de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a proveedora de seguro y su nà ºmero de telà ©fono, para poder asà ­ saber con exactitud quà © cobertura tiene cada nià ±o. Con esos datos tambià ©n es posible averiguar quà © mà ©dicos aceptan ese seguro mà ©dico en la zona de residencia del chico. Quià ©nes pueden solicitar CHIP para los nià ±os y adolescentes Sus padres, tutores legales, abuelos o incluso hermanos mayores de edad, siempre y cuanto vivan con el menor al menos seis meses dentro del plazo de un aà ±o. En determinados casos los menores pueden aplicar directamente, como por ejemplo, cuando vivan solos. Aportacià ³n econà ³micade la familia para CHIP Las aportaciones familiares para colaborar con los gastos de este programa varà ­an segà ºn el estado de residencia,  de los recursos  econà ³micos y nà ºmero de miembros de la familia. Es muy comà ºn que haya que pagar una cantidad reducida en concepto de inscripcià ³n inicial.  Por ejemplo, en la actualidad en el estado de Texas el importe mximo que se abona es de 50 dà ³lares. Adems es posible que haya que abonar un co-pago cada vez que se utiliza el servicio. La cantidad varà ­a enormemente y puede ir desde los $2 a los $30. Tambià ©n es posible que resulte totalmente gratis. En todo caso nunca pasar del 5 por ciento de los ingresos familiares por aà ±o. Asimismo, ciertos servicios son siempre gratuitos, como por ejemplo, las vacunas. Cà ³mo verificar si se cualifica y aplicar De 4  maneras es posible verificar y, en su caso aplicar, para CHIP. En primer lugar eligiendo estado en el que se vive en la pgina federal oficial de Medicaid. Se puede hacer haciendo bajar la flechita hasta encontrar el estado o haciendo click en el mapa. Se abrir una pgina nueva con informacià ³n adicional, incluidos requisitos y cà ³mo aplicar. En segundo lugar, ingresando por internet a la pgina de Medicaid de cada estado En tercer lugar, en la pgina del Marketplace para seguros. En este caso, elegir estado introduciendo l zip code y hacer click en continuar. Despuà ©s elegir si se quiere una verificacià ³n de que se cumplen los requisitos o, si se sabe que sà ­, se puede proceder a aplicar. Y, en cuarto lugar, tambià ©n es posible realizar esta gestià ³n marcando gratuitamente al 1-800-318-2596. Quà © estados brindan mayor asistencia con CHIP En realidad 40 estados ms Washington D.C. de alguna forma han extendido el programa CHIP a ms inmigrantes que los que prevà © la ley federal, aunque hay muchas variaciones entre estados. Por ejemplo, en Massachusetts todos los nià ±os que cumplen los otros requisitos pueden tener acceso a CHIP, incluidos los indocumentados. Lo  mismo sucede en Illinois donde ms de 1.5 millones de nià ±os reciben beneficios a travà ©s del programa All Kids, que es como se le conoce en ese estado. Por otro lado, MinnesotaCare brinda cobertura a los residentes permanentes menores de 21 aà ±os y no pide entre sus requisitos que se haya cumplido 5 aà ±os como residente. Adems, en California los muchachos con DACA aprobado menores de 21 aà ±os pueden tener acceso a Medi-Cal, si cumplen los otros requisitos. En el caso de ciegos o incapacitados no hay là ­mite de edad.   Esto significa que 10 estados sà ³lo cubren los casos bsicos. Estos son: Alabama, Carolina del Sur, Dakota del Norte, Dakota del Sur, Florida, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Mississippi y Missouri. Cà ³mo se le llama a CHIP en cada estado En cada estado este programa, que tiene fondos federales y estatales, recibe su propio nombre. Este es el listado Alabama: Alabama ALL kidsAlaska: Denali KidsCareArizona:  AHCCCS-KidsCareArkansas:  Arkansas Department of Human ServicesCalifornia: Healthy FamiliesColorado:  Child Health Plan Plus (CHP)Connecticut:  HUSKY ProgramDelaware:  Delaware Healthy Children ProgramFlorida:  Florida KidCareGeorgia:  Georgia PeachCare for KidsHawaii:  Med-QUEST DivisionIdaho:  Idaho CHIPIllinois:  Illinois All KidsIndiana:  Hoosier HealthwiseIowa:  Hawk-IKansas:  KanCare programKentucky:  Kentucky Childrens Health Insurance Program (KCHIP)Louisiana:  LaCHIPMaine:  CubCareMaryland:  Maryland Children’s Health Program (MCHIP)Massachusetts:  MassHealthMichigan:  MIChildMinnesota:  MinnesotaCareMississippi:  Health BenefitsMissouri:  MO HealthNetMontana:  Healthy Montana Kids PlusNebraska:  CHIPNevada:  Check UpNew Hampshire: CHIPNew Jersey:  FamilyCareNew Mexico:  New Mexi-KidsNew York:  Child Health PlusNorth Carolina:  Health ChoiceNorth Dakota: CHIPOhio:  Healthy FamiliesOklahoma:  SoonerCarePennsylvania: CHIPRhode Island:  Rite CareSouth Carolina:  Healthy Connections South Dakota: CHIPTennessee:  CoverKidsTexas: CHIPUtah: CHIPVermont:  Dr DynasaurVirginia:  FAMISWashington: CHIPWashington D.C.: CHIPWest Virginia: CHIPWisconsin:  BadgerCare PlusWyoming:  Kid Care CHIP Beneficiados por CHIP En la actualidad ms de ocho millones de nià ±os y adolescentes  gozan de cobertura mà ©dica a travà ©s de CHIP, lo que representa un costo de ms de $13 billones. Aunque tanto los estados como el gobierno federal contribuyen con fondos, es mayor la proporcià ³n del gobierno de los Estados Unidos. Por estados, California es, con 1,731,605 menores en este programa, el estado con ms beneficiados, seguido por Texas y Nueva York. Recursos prcticos Algunos estados brindan este tipo de proteccià ³n a travà ©s de una versià ³n extendida de Medicaid. Es el caso de Alaska, Hawaii, Carolina del Sur, Maryland, Vermont, Ohio, Nuevo Hampshire y Nuevo Mà ©xico, adems de Washington D.C. y el territorio de Puerto Rico.  Es importante informarse y que los asistentes sociales indiquen cul es la asistencia disponible segà ºn el caso. Se puede solicitar el ingreso en el programa CHIP en cualquier momento del aà ±o, si bien algunos estados piden que se lleve un tiempo determinado sin cobertura mà ©dica. Y, finalmente, estos son otros recursos a los que se podrà ­a tener derecho: cupones de alimentos tambià ©n conocido como SNAP, Medicaid, Wic para embarazadas e infantes, School Lunch o TANF, que es un programa de asistencia temporal a familias en situacià ³n de necesidad. Cuando se aplica por Medicaid o por CHIP se informa si se puede aplicar por otro programa de asistencia social. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.

Family Belief Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family Belief Systems - Essay Example They also remind them the meaning behind the adversities they face thus making it easy for them to face the difficulties as a family. Additionally, rules that families comply with create and encourage a sense of unity within the family unit. The laws dictate the family beliefs and family members are expected to follow. Parents dictate various concepts to children which consequently the children follow to be true. Family laws are not necessary developed and encouraged by the authorities but rater by the leaders in a family. Loyalty in the family is also encouraged based on the fact that it promotes and provides the family with a positive outlook. Family members use verbal or non verbal communication to explain the right or wrong choices made by other family members. Resilience is inhibited in case one family member goes against what is expected of them. It is therefore mandatory to encourage family

Social Organized Crime Perspective Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Organized Crime Perspective Paper - Essay Example These criminals socialize their group members in their own criminal way to engage them in unlawful activities for earning money. (Taylor, 2005) The type of social organization depends upon the social context. In the context of organized crime it may be a cohesive and highly centralized group of individuals perusing a common role of a single or a composite crime. They are socialized within a group about their roles and co-ordination process for committing the particular crime. Such organized groups engage in offenses such as robbery, fraud, kidnapping and gambling for money. They are allotted different hierarchical ranks with different responsibilities. Their duties include the coordinated tricks among sub-groups in their group area with a pledge to keep full secrecy. They are even socialized and trained to use the violence against law enforcement agencies, opponent associations and informers etc. When criminal organization is detected by police, it is obvious that an individual belonging to that particular organization will be punished and not that he/she committed the crime individually. (Cressey, 1992) Nowadays Online organized crime is also being practiced in which the criminals obtain money by threat from the people who use internet for E-commerce. E-commerce was started with the hope that a gap between small and large business would be filled, but due to organized crime the hope is lost. The organized crime on internet cannot be traced down easily because the police and other law enforcement agencies perform their duties within the boundaries of their own countries. The criminal organizations perform their criminal tasks across such boundaries without any fear of being caught or traced. Similarly another type of criminal organization is busy against humanity polluting the residential environment. Some people install the factories in prohibited areas by giving bribery to the concerned