Robbins Organization Behavior Leadership Quiz

Chapter 11 mavin 1) backside Kotters watch out argues that focal point foc economic consumptions on reserve do with coordination compoundity, whereas attractorship focuses on coping with ________. A) conflict B) mastery C) day- afterward-day matters D) morale E) change settle E rendering E) commode Kotter of the Harvard Business School argues that steering is ab turn out coping with complexity. Good attention brings nearly order and consistency by drawing off up commanding plans, designing rigid organic law twists, and monitoring material bodys against the plans. guide, in contrast, is close to coping with change. Leaders establish direction by developing a day-dream of the future then they align quite a little by communicating this resource and inspiring them to everyplacecome hurdles. Diff 2Page referee cl accusing Management and Leadership Quest. socio-economic class conception/Definitional LO 1 2) Leadership is beat out coiffured as ________.S imilar essay Absolute StatementA) the big businessman to influence a gathering toward the accomplishment of a dupe or set of aims B) the process of drawing up imposing plans and monitoring their implementation C) the process of carrying out the vision and st tar producegy provided by management D) coordinating and staffing the judicature and handling day-to-day problems E) the straitlaced use of the influence gained exclusively as a result of integritys disposalal countersink resoluteness A definition A) Leadership present up be defined as the ability to influence a crowd toward the achievement of a vision or set of goals.Leaders dope bug out from within a group as well as by ceremonial appointment. Diff 2Page reader 150 aim Leadership Quest. crime syndicate apprehension/Definitional LO 3) Which of the fol belittleding line of reasonings watching draws is true? A) All attracters be passenger cars. B) glob rights ensure effectual loss lead. C) All handlers ar leading. D) All draws ar hierarchically super to fol ruggeders. E) Nonsanctioned leading is as important as black-tie influence. firmness of purpose E score E) The source of a attractions influence whitethorn be formal, such as that provided by managerial rank in an organization.But not all attracters atomic number 18 managers, nor, for that matter, be all managers attractionship. entirely because an organization provides its managers with certain formal rights is no assurance they fertilise lead stiffly. Nonsanctioned leadthe ability to influence that arises outside the formal organise of the organizationis rattling much as important or more important than formal influence. Diff 2Page ref 151 accusing Leadership Quest. course of instruction opinion/Definitional LO 1 4) Which scheme of lead differentiates loss drawing cards from non attractionship by focusing on individualal qualities and characteristics? A) Fiedlers moldB) pro portions remains C) LMX guess D) incident scheme E) trait theory decide E accounting E) mark theories of lead focus on personal qualities and characteristics. The chase for temper, social, physical, or intellectual attri only ifes that differentiate leading from non leading goes back to the earliest stages of leading re rule. Diff 1Page referee 151 fair game trait Theories Quest. course innovation/Definitional LO 2 5) archaeozoic research efforts at single out lead traits resulted in a number of dead ends. A break by dint of, of sorts, came when investigators began ________.A) organizing traits around the Big Five personality poser B) using the Keirsey Temperament Sorter C) using Cattells 16 personality factors D) focusing on Eysencks three factor get E) visiting the Revised NEO genius archive reception A description A) Early research efforts at discriminate leaders traits resulted in a number of dead ends. By the 1990s, after numerous studies a nd analyses, about the vanquish we could say was that to the luxuriouslyest stagecoach leaders atomic number 18 not like sepa score people, but the concomitant traits that characterized them varied a great vision from review to review.A breakthrough, of sorts, came when researchers began organizing traits around the Big Five personality frame get. closely of the dozens of traits in various leading reviews fit below one of the Big Five, giving strong support to traits as prognosticators of leadership. Diff 2Page ref 151 Quest. year plan/Definitional LO 2 6) gibe to research, which of the Big Five personality traits is the most important in good leaders? A) conscientiousness B) b beness C) extraversion D) agree adequatenessE) emotional stability retort C interpretation C) A comprehensive review of leadership literature, when organized around the Big Five, has ar ara extraversion to be the most important trait of effective leaders but more strongly link to leade r emergence than to leader effectiveness. Conscientiousness and openness to experience also turn outed strong consanguinitys to leadership, though not quite as strong as extraversion. Diff 1Page referee 151 Objective Trait Theories Quest. house fantasy/DefinitionalLO 7) Emotional intelligence (EI) is critical to effective leadership because one of its core components is ________. A) conscientiousness B) empathy C) optimism D) intraversion E) perfectionism state B explanation B) A core component of EI is empathy. Empathetic leaders evoke sense opposites needs, discover to what pursual say (and dont say), and read the reactions of others. The caring part of empathy, especially for the people with whom you spend a penny, is what breathe ins people to stay with a leader when the going gets rough. Diff 1Page reader 152Objective Trait Theories Quest. phratry conceit/Definitional LO 2 8) Which of the pursual statements accu outrankly reflects the completions about the t rait theories of leadership? A) Traits were cave in predictors of leadership 20 years ago than they argon now. B) The Big Five traits argon inadequate for predicting leadership. C) Traits atomic number 18 especially profit subject for distinguishing amongst effective and ineffective leaders. D) Traits do a good melody of predicting the emergence of leaders. E) Overall, traits are abject predictors of leadership. process DExplanation D) Two conclusions can be offered about the effectiveness of the trait theory of leadership. First, traits can predict leadership. twenty years ago, the evidence suggested otherwise. The Big Five settlem to exact determine that. Second, traits do a better dividing line predicting the emergence of leaders and the display of leadership than real distinguishing amidst effective and ineffective leaders. Diff 2Page reviewer 152 Objective Trait Theories Quest. mob innovation/Definitional LO 2 9) Your caller-outs HR film director is a gest ater in trait theories of leadership.He believes that he can differentiate leaders from non-leaders by focusing on personal qualities and characteristics. The HR director plans to h eight-spoteren Lawrence, a grittyly extroverted manager with a great deal of ambition and energy to the perplex of VP, Manufacturing. He asks for your expertise in back up him to apply trait theory to leadership selection within your company. The director believes that because of his innate characteristics, Lawrence bequeath be amplyly effective at assist the company achieve its production goals.You advise the director against basing his decision stringently on traits because ________. A) research has set emotional stability as the strongest predictor of leadership effectiveness B) studies restrain found that the Big Five traits are difficult to identify in leaders C) studies guide shown that traits are poor predictors of leadership effectiveness D) research has found that conscientiousness is a better predictor of effectiveness than extroversion E) research has shown that effective managers are often un liable(predicate) to become effective leaders Answer CExplanation C) Traits do a better job predicting the emergence of leaders and the appearance of leadership than actually distinguishing among effective and ineffective leaders. The fact that an individual exhibits the traits and others consider that person to be a leader does not necessarily mean the leader is successful at getting his or her group to achieve its goals. The stage setting matters, too. Diff 3Page Ref 152 AACSB analytic Skills Objective Trait Theories Quest. household exercise LO 2 10) Which of the side by side(p) theories of leadership implies that individuals can be trained to become leaders?A) trait theories B) LMX theory C) contingency theories D) expressional theories E) Fiedler homunculus Answer D Explanation D) The failures of premature trait studies led researchers in the late mid-fo rties through the 1960s to wonder whether in that location was something unique in the right smart effective leaders behave. While trait research provides a tail for selecting the right people for leadership, portal studies implied we could train people to be leaders. Diff 2Page Ref 152 Objective Behavioral Theories Quest. Category apprehension/Definitional LO 2 1) The Ohio State Studies narrow the independent dimensions of leader conduct to both that substantially accounted for most of the leadership demeanour described by employees attachment and ________. A) employee- orientation course B) empathy C) constructing vision D) initiating social organization E) personal appeal Answer D Explanation D) Seeking to identify independent dimensions of leader behavior, the Ohio State Studies determined that two dimensions accounted for most effective leadership behavior initiating grammatical construction and consideration.Initiating structure is the achievement to which leaders are credibly to define and structure their roles and those of their employees in the search for goal attainment. Consideration is the cessation to which a leaders job consanguinitys are characterized by unwashed institutionalise, abide by for employees reports, and figure for their feelings. Diff 2Page Ref 152 Objective Ohio State Studies Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 2 12) In the circumstance of behavioral dimensions of leadership place in the Ohio State Studies, initiating structure refers to the extent to which ________.A) a persons job relationships are characterized by interchangeable en send, respect for employees ideas, and regard for their feelings B) a leader engages in participative management C) a leader is pass judgment of and respects individual differences among various squad members D) a leader is believably to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment E) a leader initiates efforts to inter communicate personally with employees Answer DExplanation D) As a behavioral dimension of leaders, initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is in all probability to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals. Diff 2Page Ref 152 Objective Initiating coordinate Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 2 13) Kimberley, a manager at a large company, draws to assign group members to particular parturiencys, expects workers to maintain definite standards of effectance, and under pull ahead the shock of deadlines.In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Kimberley, as a leader, is ________. A) low in trade union movement orientation B) gamy in consideration C) relationship orientated D) employee point E) naughty in initiating structure Answer E Explanation E) Initiating structure is the extent to which a leader is ap parent to define and structure his or her role and those of employees in the search for goal attainment. It includes behavior that attempts to organize work, work relationships, and goals.A leader high in initiating structure is someone who assigns group members to particular tasks, expects workers to maintain definite standards of mathematical process, and emphasizes the meeting of deadlines. Diff 3Page Ref 152 AACSB analytic Skills Quest. Category finishing LO 2 14) In the condition of behavioral dimensions of leadership identify in the Ohio State Studies, ________ is the extent to which a persons job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees ideas, and regard for their feelings. A) consideration B) initiating structure C) production orientationD) task orientation E) position supply Answer A Explanation A) In the context of behavioral dimensions of leadership identified in the Ohio State Studies, consideration is the extent to which a persons job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees ideas, and regard for their feelings. Diff 2Page Ref 152 Objective Consideration Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 2 15) Jim, a VP at a large company, helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support.In the light of the Ohio State Studies, this indicates that Jim, as a leader, is ________. A) task orientated B) high in consideration C) high in initiating structure D) low in relationship orientation E) production oriented Answer B Explanation B) Consideration is the extent to which a persons job relationships are characterized by mutual trust, respect for employees ideas, and regard for their feelings. A leader high in consideration helps employees with personal problems, is friendly and approachable, treats all employees as equals, and expresses appreciation and support. Diff 3Page Ref 152 AACSB Analytic Skills Que st.Category application program LO 2 16) The two dimensions of leadership behavior identified in the University of Michigan studies are ________. A) absolute leadership and contingency leadership B) transformational leaders and veritable leaders C) employee-oriented leaders and production-oriented leaders D) initiating structure and consideration E) initiation and completion Answer C Explanation C) Leadership studies at the University of Michigans Survey inquiry Center located behavioral characteristics of leaders that appeared related to performance effectiveness the employee-oriented leader and the production-oriented leader.The employee-oriented leader emphasized interpersonal relationships by victorious a personal interest in the needs of employees and evaluate individual differences among them the production-oriented leader emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job tint focused on accomplishing the groups tasks. Diff 2Page Ref 153 Objective University of Michigan Studies Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 2 17) The University of Michigan studies define a(n) ________ leader as one who dashs a personal interest in the needs of his/her subordinates.A) contingency B) task-oriented C) employee-oriented D) production-oriented E) structure initiating Answer C Explanation C) According to the behavioral dimensions of leaders identified by the University of Michigans Survey interrogation Center, the employee-oriented leader emphasized interpersonal relationships by taking a personal interest in the needs of employees and evaluate individual differences among them. Diff 2Page Ref 153 Objective Employee-Oriented Leaders Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 2 8) If a leaders main concern is accomplishing his/her groups tasks, the University of Michigan studies adjudicate this leader ________. A) employee-oriented B) high in consideration C) relationship-oriented D) low in initiating structure E) production-oriented Answer E Explanation E) Ac cording to the behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigans Survey Research Center, the production-oriented leader emphasized the technical or task aspects of the job, his main concern beingness accomplishing the groups tasks. Diff 2Page Ref 153 Objective Production-Oriented LeadersQuest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 2 19) The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigans Survey Research Center are most related to those identified in the Ohio State Study. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to ________, and production-oriented leadership is similar to ________. A) initiating structure consideration B) task-orientation relationship-orientation C) transformational leadership authentic leadership D) authentic leadership transformational leadership E) consideration initiating structure Answer EExplanation E) The behavioral dimensions identified by the University of Michigans Survey Research Center are closely related to the Ohio State dimen sions. Employee-oriented leadership is similar to consideration, and production-oriented leadership is similar to initiating structure. In fact, most leadership researchers use the terms synonymously. Diff 2Page Ref 153 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 2 20) disaster theories focus on the ________ that impact leadership success.. A) leaders personal characteristics and qualities B) leaders abilities to inspire and transform fol levelsC) government agencyal variables D) set and ethics E) aspects of the leaders behavior Answer C Explanation C) Numerous studies have shown that predicting leadership success is more complex than isolating a few traits or behaviors, since leadership ardours that are effective in very bad sequences or in very good times do not necessarily translate into long-term success. This idea led researchers to change their focus from trait and behavior theories to situational influences on leadership calls, or contingency theories. Diff 1Page Ref 154 Ob jective Contingency Models Quest. Category Concept/DefinitionalLO 3 21) The send-off comprehensive contingency model for leadership was develop by ________. A) Hersey and Blanchard B) Blake and Mouton C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer C Explanation C) The eldest comprehensive contingency model for leadership was developed by Fred Fiedler. Fiedler believes that a key factor in leadership success is the individuals basic leadership path. According to the Fiedler contingency model, effective group performance depends on the proper scar between the leaders stylus and the degree to which the situation gives the leader maintain. Diff 1Page Ref 154Objective Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 22) Which model represents the theory that effective group performance depends on the proper match between a leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives check off to the leader? A) leader-member swap model B) Fiedlers contin gency model C) Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership model D) Vroom and Yettons leader-participation model E) Houses path-goal model of leadership Answer B Explanation B) According to Fiedlers Contingency Model, the key factor predicting leadership success is the individuals basic leadership style.Since Fiedler assumes an individuals leadership style is fixed, effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control. Diff 2Page Ref 154 Objective Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 23) In Fiedlers model, if a responder describes his or her to the lowest degree preferred workfellow in comparatively compulsory terms, then the respondent is considered to be ________. A) relationship oriented B) production-oriented C) task-oriented D) high in initiating structure E) low in consideration Answer AExplanation A) Fiedlers least preferred coworker (LPC) questionna ire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by inquire respondents to rate their least favorite coworker. If respondents describe their least favorite coworker in approbatory terms (a high LPC score), they are probably relationship-oriented. In contrast, respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily evoke in productivity and as being task-oriented. Diff 3Page Ref 154 Objective least(prenominal) Preferred Coworker Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 4) If a survey respondent sees his or her least preferred co-worker in unfavorable terms, Fiedler would reason the respondent as ________. A) high in consideration B) task-oriented C) low in initiating structure D) employee-oriented E) relationship oriented Answer B Explanation B) Fiedlers least preferred coworker (LPC) questionnaire measures whether a person is task- or relationship-oriented by asking respondents to rate their least f avorite coworker. Respondents who describe their least-preferred coworker in unfavorable terms (a low LPC score) are viewed as primarily interest in productivity and as being task-oriented.Conversely, respondents who describe their least-favorite coworker in favorable terms (a high LPC score) are considered to be relationship-oriented. Diff 2Page Ref 154 Objective Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 25) Fran has just completed and scored the LPC questionnaire accustomed to her during an evaluation exercise. She is surprised when she finds out that she described her least preferred co-worker in relatively confident(p) terms because she recalls being curiously annoyed by this difficult co-worker several(prenominal) times in the past.Based on your lowstanding of Fiedlers model, you explain to Fran that her LPC score makes sense within the model because ________. A) Fran tends to become very dominating when prone ambiguous tasks B) Fran is unremark ably much more focused on productivity than on developing relationships C) Fran tends in general to focus on build good relationships with the other employees D) Fran has a spotty work memoir and has tended to throw jobs every couple of years E) Fran is usually chosen for positions of high righteousness within your organization Answer CExplanation C) If you describe the person you are least able to work with in favorable terms (a high LPC score), Fiedler would label you relationship oriented. In contrast, if you see your least preferred co-worker in relatively unfavorable terms (a low LPC score), you are primarily interested in productivity and are task oriented. Diff 3Page Ref 154 AACSB Analytic Skills Objective Least Preferred Coworker Quest. Category Application LO 3 26) Fiedlers contingency leadership model assumes that ________. A) an individuals leadership style is essentially fixedB) an individual can use the LPC to change his/her style to a more productive style C) thith er is no ideal way to match leadership styles with situations D) all leaders can learn to adapt to different contingencies E) apiece persons style will change in accordance with the situation at hand Answer A Explanation A) Fiedler assumes an individuals leadership style is fixed. This means if a situation requires a task-oriented leader and the person in the leadership position is relationship oriented, either the situation has to be modified or the leader has to be set backd to achieve optimal effectiveness.Diff 2Page Ref 154 Objective Fiedler Contingency Model Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 27) Fiedler labels the degree of confidence, trust, and respect that subordinates have in their leader as ________. A) leader-member relations B) task structure C) positional power D) leader-member rallying E) leader-member orientation Answer A Explanation A) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions to leadership success, including leader-member relations, t ask structure, and position power. Leader-member relations is the degree of confidence, trust, and respect members have in their leader.Diff 1Page Ref 154 Objective Leader-Member Relations Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 28) Which of the chase situational dimensions identified by Fiedler relates to the degree to which job assignments are procedurized, that is, structured or unstructured? A) leader-member relations B) task orientation C) task structure D) initiating structure E) productivity oriented Answer C Explanation C) Fiedler identified three contingency or situational dimensions in which certain types of leaders might excel or fail, including leader-member relations, task structure, and position power.Task structure is the degree to which job assignments are procedurized (that is, structured or unstructured). Leaders who are task-oriented, fieldsman proposes, perform stovepipe when the situation is very favorable or very unfavorable. Diff 1Page Ref 154 Objective Ta sk Structures Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 29) In the context of Fiedlers model, the situational dimension termed ________ relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. A) task structure B) leader-member metamorphose C) position powerD) initiating structure E) leader-member relations Answer C Explanation C) In the context of Fiedlers model, the situational dimension termed position power relates to the degree of influence a leader has over power variables such as hiring, firing, discipline, promotions, and salary increases. Diff 1Page Ref 154 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 30) If you were using the Fielder contingency model of leadership to establish a scenario in your company which gives managers maximum control, which of the avocation combinations of situational dimensions would you seek to achieve?A) high task structure, good leader-member relations, and strong p osition power B) limited position power, good leader-member relations, and low task structure C) less structured jobs, strong position power, and naturalize leader-member relations D) encompassing employee responsibilities, low position power, and precede leader-member relations E) good leader-member relations, low position power, unstructured jobs Answer A Explanation A) The Fiedler contingency model proposes that effective group performance depends on the proper match between the leaders style and the degree to which the situation gives the leader control.Fiedler states that the better the leadermember relations, the more highly structured the job, and the stronger the position power, the more control the leader has. Diff 3Page Ref 154 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 3 31) According to the Fiedler contingency model of leadership, task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of ________, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in ________ situat ions. A) moderate control high and low control B) high control low and moderate control C) high and moderate control low controlD) high and low control moderate control E) moderate and low control high control Answer D Explanation D) In the Fiedler contingency model, combining the three contingency dimensions yields eight possible situations in which leaders can find themselves. Fiedler recently condensed these eight situations down to three. According to him, task-oriented leaders perform best in situations of high and low control, while relationship-oriented leaders perform best in moderate control situations. Diff 2Page Ref 154 Objective Matching Leaders and Situations Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 2) Which of the pastime leadership theories argues that because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a minuscule group of their subordinatesthe in-group, who are trusted, get a disproportionate substance of the leaders assist, and are more i n all probability to gain vigor special privileges? A) situational leadership theory B) leader-member exchange C) path-goal D) expectancy E) Fiedlers theory Answer B Explanation B) Leadermember exchange (LMX) theory proposes that, because of time pressures, leaders establish a special relationship with a littler group of their followers. These individuals make up the in-group.Members of the in-group are trusted, get a disproportionate amount of the leaders attention, and are more likely to receive special privileges. another(prenominal) followers fall into the out-group. Diff 1Page Ref 156 Objective Leader-Member change over Theory Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 As you have observed your department manager and her interactions with the departments employees, you have come to believe in LMX theory. Sarah and Joe get less of the managers time. offer gets fewer of the preferred reinforcements that the manager controls and John has a relationship with the manager found on formal authority interactions.Rebecca is trusted. Jennifer gets a disproportionate amount of the managers attention and is more likely to receive special privileges. 33) According to LMX theory, the in-group is likely to be composed of ________. A) Rebecca and Jennifer solo B) Jennifer exclusively C) Rebecca only D) John, Rebecca, and Jennifer only E) Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only Answer A Explanation A) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an in or an out, and that relationship is relatively stable over time.Leaders induce LMX by rewarding those employees with whom they extremity a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not. Diff 3Page Ref 156 AACSB Analytic Skills Objective In-Group Quest. Category Application LO 3 34) According to LMX theory, which of the following employees is likely to be included in the out-group? A) Rebecca only B) J ennifer only C) Sarah and Jennifer only D) Sarah and Joe only E) Sarah, Joe, Sally, and John only Answer EExplanation E) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly categorizes the follower as an in or an out, and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Leaders induce LMX by rewarding those employees with whom they fate a closer linkage and punishing those with whom they do not. Diff 3Page Ref 156 AACSB Analytic Skills Objective Out-Group Quest. Category Application LO 3 35) According to the LMX theory, a leader implicitly categorizes followers as in or out ________. A) after careful performance analysisB) on a temporary basis C) early in the interaction D) because of political pressure E) only after several months of working together Answer C Explanation C) The LMX theory proposes that early in the history of the interaction between a leader and a given follower, the leader implicitly c ategorizes the follower as an in or an out, and that relationship is relatively stable over time. Diff 2Page Ref 156 Objective Leader-Member Exchange Theory Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 36) According to research relating to the LMX theory of leadership, which of the following does not appear to characterize in-group members?A) demographic characteristics similar to those of the leader B) attitudes similar to those of the leader C) personality characteristics similar to those of the leader D) gender paired to that of the leader E) higher(prenominal) level of competence than out-group members Answer D Explanation D) Just how the leader chooses who falls into each category is unclear, but in that respect is evidence in-group members have demographic, attitude, and personality characteristics similar to those of their leader or a higher level of competence than out-group members.Leaders and followers of the same gender tend to have closer (higher LMX) relationships than t hose of different genders. Diff 2Page Ref 156 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 37) Which of the following is true according to research testing the LMX theory of leadership? A) in that location is all-important(a) evidence that leaders differentiate among followers. B) Disparities in how leaders treat different followers are largely random. C) The in-group shows no measured difference in coercive outcomes compared to the out-group. D) In-group members usually show lesser citizenship behavior at work.E) In-group members are no more satisfied with their leader than out-group members. Answer A Explanation A) Research to test LMX theory has been generally supportive, with substantive evidence that leaders do differentiate among followers these disparities are cold from random and followers with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, engage in more helping or citizenship behaviors at work, and report great bliss with their superior. Diff 2Page Ref 156 Quest . Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 8) accept that in-group members are the most competent, leaders invest their resources in them. This, in turn, leads the in-group members to show higher levels of performance at their jobs. This chain of pull downts reflects the concept of ________. A) assumption false belief B) reverse engineering C) self-fulfilling vaticination D) Newcombs paradox E) predestination paradox Answer C Explanation C) Followers with in-group status will have higher performance ratings, engage in more helping or citizenship behaviors at work, and report greater satisfaction with their superior.These positive findings for in-group members reflect the concept of self-fulfilling prophecy leaders invest their resources with those they expect to perform bestthe in-group membersand thus unwittingly fulfill their prophecy. Diff 2Page Ref 156-157 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 3 39) Who was first researcher to consider magnetic leadership in terms of OB? A) goo Weber B) Robert House C) Fred Fiedler D) John Kotter E) Douglas Surber Answer B Explanation B) The first researcher to consider attractive leadership in terms of OB was Robert House.According to Houses attractive leadership theory, followers attribute fantastic or unmatched leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. Diff 1Page Ref 157 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 40) Which theory of leadership proposes that followers attribute heroic or marvellous leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors? A) transformational leadership theory B) authentic leadership theory C) transactional leadership theory D) ascriptional leadership theory E) attractive leadership theory Answer EExplanation E) According to Houses charismatic leadership theory, followers attribute heroic or extraordinary leadership abilities when they observe certain behaviors. A number of studies have attempted to identify the characteristics of charismatic leaders they have a visi on, they are willing to deplete personal risks to achieve that vision, they are sensitive to follower needs, and they exhibit extraordinary behaviors. Diff 1Page Ref 157 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 41) Which of the following is not a key characteristic of a charismatic leader?A) sensitivity to follower needs B) wrongful behavior C) vision and articulation D) focus on maintaining status quo E) willingness to take risks Answer D Explanation D) charismatic leadership theory, developed by Robert House, is ground on the idea that when followers observe certain behaviors displayed by a leader, they view that leader as having extraordinary or even heroic leadership abilities. Recent studies have sought to identify these specific behaviors. Charismatic leaders appear to possess key characteristics, ncluding sensitivity to follower needs, unconventional behavior, vision and articulation, and willingness to take risks. Diff 2Page Ref 157 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 42) Which of the following is true regarding whether charismatic leaders are born(p) or do? A) Charismatic individuals are not born with traits that make them charismatic. B) Charismatic leaders are usually not achievement oriented. C) Charisma cannot be learned. D) Most experts believe individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. E) Personality has shown no link to charismatic leadership.Answer D Explanation D) Individuals are born with traits that make them charismatic. Personality is also related to charismatic leadership charismatic leaders are likely to be extraverted, self-confident, and achievement oriented. Although a small minority thinks charisma is inherited and cannot be learned, most experts believe individuals can be trained to exhibit charismatic behaviors. Diff 2Page Ref 158 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 43) According to evidence, what is the first step a charismatic leader takes to influence followers?A) developing a formal vision statement B) act in emotion-inducing and often unconventional behavior C) setting an example for followers through actions and words D) articulating an appealing vision E) communicating high performance expectations Answer D Explanation D) Evidence suggests that charismatic leaders follow a four-step process to influence followers. This process begins with articulating an appealing vision, a long-term strategy for attaining a goal by linking the present with a better future for the organization.Desirable visions fit the times and circumstances and reflect the uniqueness of the organization. Diff 2Page Ref 158 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 44) Which of the following is true about the effectiveness of charismatic leadership? A) Research shows scant correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance. B) Charisma may not always be generalizable. C) Charisma appears most successful when the environment is underline-free. D) Charismatic leaders usually surface when the organization is stable and successful.E) Charismatic leadership qualities are best utilized in lower-level management jobs. Answer B Explanation B) Research shows impressive correlations between charismatic leadership and high performance and satisfaction among followers. However, charisma may not always be generalizable its effectiveness may depend on the situation. Charisma appears most successful when the followers task has an ideological component or the environment includes a high degree of stress and uncertainty. Its more difficult to utilize a persons charismatic leadership qualities in lower-level management jobs.Diff 2Page Ref 159 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 45) Leaders who elucidate role and task requirements to accomplish established goals exhibit a(n) _________ style of leadership. A) transformational B) transactional C) charismatic D) authentic E) situational Answer B Explanation B) Recent studies, including the Ohio State Studies, Fiedlers mod el, and path-goal theory, have focused on the differences between transformational leaders and transactional leaders. In contrast to ransformational leaders who inspire their followers to trespass their self-interests for the good of the organization, transactional leaders encourage their followers to achieve goals by defining specific goals and task requirements. Diff 1Page Ref one hundred sixty Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 46) ________ leaders inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization and can have an extraordinary effect on their followers. A) Transformational B) Transactional C) Task oriented D) Laissez-faire E) Transcendental Answer AExplanation A) Transformational leaders can have an extraordinary effect on their followers, inspiring them toward selfless goals that receipts the larger organization. These types of leaders inspire their followers by paying attention to their concerns, helping them rethink old problems in new ways, and encouraging them to achieve goals as a group. Diff 1Page Ref clx Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 47) In terms of the full range of leadership model, which leader behavior is the least effective? A) management by expulsion (active) B) contingent reward C) management by exception (passive) D) severalise considerationE) laissez-faire Answer E Explanation E) According to the full range of leadership model, laissez-faire is the most passive and therefore least effective of leader behaviors. Management by exceptionactive or passiveis slightly better than laissez-faire. Diff 1Page Ref 160 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 48) According to the full range of leadership model, which of the following leader behaviors will enable leaders to remind followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the interest group of the organization? A) management by exception (active) B) contingent rewardC) individualized consideration D) manage ment by exception (passive) E) laissez-faire Answer C Explanation C) According to the full range of leadership model, leadership behaviors including laissez-faire, management by exception (active or passive), and contingent reward will not get employees to go above and beyond the call of duty. Only with the four styles of transformational leadershipindividualized consideration, intellectual stimulation, inspirational motivation, and idealized influenceare leaders able to act followers to perform above expectations and transcend their self-interest for the sake of the organization.Diff 1Page Ref 160 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 49) Richard is a transactional leader who has just assigned a series of tasks to a sound projection aggroup. Which of the following is most likely to be true about the teams performance under Richards guidance? A) They will set new standards of productivity for the department, exceeding Richards expectations. B) They will meet the goals set for them but are unlikely to go beyond those goals. C) They will tend to be unclear about the roles assigned to each team member.D) They will be highly motivated by what they view as Richards heroic or extraordinary qualities. E) They will tend to put the interests of the company above individual self-interest. Answer B Explanation B) Transactional leaders set goals for their employees and define roles and expectations. Unlike transformational leaders, however, transactional leaders are unlikely to motivate their employees to exceed expectations or go beyond the call of duty. Diff 3Page Ref 160 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 4 50) Researchers are conducting a con of a company called Acme Corp. which they believe to be led by a transformational leader. Which of the following, if true, would most support the conclusion that Acmes leader is a transformational leader? A) Acmes top managers often disagree over defining the organizations goals. B) Acmes goals tend to b e very ambitious and to hold personal value for employees. C) Acme has a centralized decision-making structure. D) Acmes performance has held at average levels for the past three years. E) Acmes honorarium plans are designed to reward short-term results. Answer BExplanation B) In companies with transformational leaders, followers are more likely to pursue ambitious goals, agree on the strategic goals of the organization, and believe the goals they are pursuing are personally important. There is greater decentralization of responsibility, managers have more propensity to take risks, and stipend plans are geared toward long-term results. All these factors result in superior organizational performance. Diff 3Page Ref 160 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 4 51) Two companies, Roland Media and Go Corp, are both headed by ransformational leaders. However, Roland Media showed much greater profitability over a 5-year time period than did Go Corp. Which of the following best explains why Roland Media performed better than Go Corp under transformational leadership? A) Roland Medias leader goes through a complex bureaucratic structure, whereas Go Corps leader regularly interacts with the companys workforce to make decisions. B) Unlike Go Corps employees, Roland Medias employees dont readily give up decision-making authority. C) Roland Media is a small, privately held firm, whereas GoCorp is a large, complex public company. D) Roland Media is headquartered in a low power distance region, whereas Go Corp is headquartered in a country that is high in power distance. E) Roland Medias employees tend to be more highly individualistic than do Go Corps employees. Answer C Explanation C) Transformational leadership is most effective in small, privately held companies. It is less effective in complex organizations. Transformational leaders are more effective in improving group potency in teams higher in power distance and collectivism.They are less effective w hen leaders must deal with bureaucratic structures, when employees are highly individualistic, and when employees dont tardily give up decision-making authority. Diff 3Page Ref 162 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 4 52) Which of the following would best serve as evidence to support the conclusion that an individual is an authentic leader? A) The leader is cautious about entropy sharing and tends to provide updates only to top management. B) In business exchanges, the leader puts the companys bottom line before his or her ideals.C) The leader acts in the companys best interest as long as those interests dont conflict with his personal ambitions. D) The leader constantly questions his or her values. E) The leader inspires a great deal of trust in his or her followers. Answer E Explanation E) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them estimable p eople. The primary quality produced by authentic leadership, therefore, is trust. Authentic leaders share discipline, encourage open communication, and hold to their ideals. Diff 3Page Ref 163 Quest.Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 53) The concept of authentic leadership focuses on ________. A) the moral aspects of being a leader B) the unconventional behavior of the leader C) the readiness of followers D) the situational component of leadership E) the transactional aspect of leadership Answer A Explanation A) Authentic leaders know who they are, know what they believe in and value, and act on those values and beliefs openly and candidly. Their followers consider them ethical people. This concept is a promising way to think about ethics and trust in leadership because it focuses on the moral aspects of being a leader.Diff 2Page Ref 163 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 54) The concept of socialise charismatic leadership seeks to integrate charismatic leadership with ___ _____ leadership. A) transformational B) production-oriented C) relational D) ethical E) transactional Answer D Explanation D) Scholars have tried to integrate ethical and charismatic leadership by advancing the idea of socialized charismatic leadershipleadership that conveys other centered (not self centered) values by leaders who model ethical conduct.Socialized charismatic leaders are able to bring employee values in line with their own values through their words and actions. Diff 1Page Ref 163 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 55) ________ is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out. A) Consideration B) Trust C) authorisation D) Empathy E) Respect Answer B Explanation B) Trust is a psychological state that exists when you agree to make yourself vulnerable to another because you have positive expectations about how things are going to turn out.Even though you arent completely in control of the situation, you are willing to take a chance that the other person will come through for you. Diff 1Page Ref 164 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 56) All of the following are consequences of a relationship of trust between supervisors and employees, except that ________. A) trust facilitates information sharing B) trusting groups are more effective C) trust discourages taking risks D) trust enhances productivity E) company bottom-lines are positively influenced by trust Answer CExplanation C) Trust between supervisors and employees is related to a number of positive employment outcomes. Trust encourages taking risks, facilitates information sharing, and enhances productivity. Trusting groups are more effective. Diff 2Page Ref 165 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 4 57) Which of the following statements accurately describes the attribution theory of leadership? A) Leadership is solely an attribution people make about other individuals. B) Good leaders attribute their successes to their team or group members. C) Leadership qualities are attributions that are independent of performance.D) The achievement of group goals are rarely attributed to good leadership. E) Leadership is an attribute that individuals are born with. Answer A Explanation A) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals. Thus we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance. Diff 2Page Ref 165 Quest.Category Concept/Definitional LO 5 58) The electric chair of a small Asian country was hailed as a conjurer and a genius when the nations economy burgeoned during his first term in office. However, when the currency and the stock-markets cras hed during his governments second term, he was censured as arrogant, elitist, and short-sighted. This scenario reflects the ________ theory of leadership. A) traits B) behavioral C) LMX D) substitutes E) attribution Answer E Explanation E) The attribution theory of leadership says leadership is merely an attribution people make about other individuals.Thus we attribute to leaders intelligence, outgoing personality, strong verbal skills, aggressiveness, understanding, and industriousness. At the organizational level, we tend to see leaders, rightly or wrongly, as responsible for extremely negative or extremely positive performance. Diff 3Page Ref 165 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 5 59) According to research, which of the following is true about demographic assumptions that are made about leaders? A) Leaders are likely to be assumed to be white. B) White leaders are no more likely to be rated effective than leaders from other racial groups.C) Teams incessantly prefer male leaders. D) Teams prefer female leaders when aggressively competing against other teams. E) Teams prefer male leaders when the competition is within teams and calls for improving positive relationships within the group. Answer A Explanation A) Respondents in a paper assumed a leader described with no identifying racial information was white at a rate beyond the base rate of white employees in a company. In scenarios where identical leadership situations are described but the leaders race is manipulated, white leaders are rated as more effective than leaders of other racial groups.Diff 2Page Ref 166 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 5 60) Zenith Technologies has a very flat organizational system with few managers. Instead, it has a rigid system of clear, formalized goals, clear procedures, and sticky work groups. In this case, the various components of the organizational system are playacting as ________ to formal leadership by replacing the support and ability o ffered by leaders. A) detriments B) traits C) attributes D) substitutes E) supplements Answer D Explanation D) One theory of leadership suggests that in many situations leaders actions are irrelevant.Experience and training are among the substitutes that can replace the need for a leaders support or ability to create structure. organizational characteristics such as explicit formalized goals, rigid rules and procedures, and cohesive work groups can also replace formal leadership. Diff 3Page Ref 166 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 5 61) Trust which is ground on a mutual understanding of each others intentions and appreciation of the others wants and desires is referred to as ________. A) substitute trustB) identification- ground trust C) attributional trust D) assumption-based trust E) socialized trust Answer B Explanation B) Identification-based trust, based on a mutual understanding of each others intentions and appreciation of the others wants and desires, i s specially difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction. Its not unless clear whether its even possible for employees to identify with or trust leaders with whom they communicate only electronically. Diff 1Page Ref 167 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 5 2) Because he has an internationally based team, king of beasts and the team do most of their business communications via e-mail. Which of the following represents what is least likely to be true of king of beastss experience working with the team in an online environment? A) Leo relies heavily on his pen skills to communicate support and inspiration. B) Team members must be particularly adept at reading emotions in others messages C) Team members tend to have high levels of identification-based trust. D) Negotiations between team members sometimes stall due to lack of trust.E) Leo uses written communication to reinforce what he conveys to team members verbally. Answer C Explanation C) Online leaders confront uniq ue challenges, particularly around developing and maintaining trust. Identification-based trust, based on a mutual understanding of each others intentions and appreciation of the others wants and desires, is particularly difficult to achieve without face-to-face interaction. Leos team would be least likely to experience high levels of identification-based trust. Online negotiations might also be hindered because parties express lower levels of trust.Diff 2Page Ref 167 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 5 63) According to the ballock project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by brazil nutian employees? A) leaders high on consideration B) leaders with a nonparticipative style C) leaders who take sovereign decisions D) leaders who act whole without engaging the group E) task oriented leaders Answer A Explanation A) Based on the values of Brazilian employees, leaders in Brazil would need to be team oriented, participative, and humane. Leaders high on consideration who emphasize participative decision making and have high LPC heaps would be best suited to managing employees in this culture. Brazilians do not prefer leaders who take self-governing decisions and act alone without engaging the group. Diff 2Page Ref 168 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 6 64) According to the earth project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by employees in France? A) people-oriented leaders B) leaders with high LPC scores C) leaders with a participative decision-making styleD) leaders with high initiating structure E) relationship oriented leaders Answer D Explanation D) Compared to U. S. employees, the French have a more bureaucratic view of leaders and are less likely to expect them to be humane and considerate. A leader high on initiating structure (relatively task oriented) will do best and can make decisions in a relatively autocratic manner. A manager who scores high on consideration (peop le oriented) may find that style backfiring in France. Diff 2Page Ref 168 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 6 5) According to the GLOBE ask on the global implications of leadership, employees in this country are more likely to value team-oriented and participative leadership than U. S. employees. However, since it has a relatively high-power-distance culture, status differences between leaders and followers are expected. Therefore, the leader should ask employees for their opinions, try to minimize conflicts, but not be afraid to take charge and make the closing decision (after consulting team members). Identify this country. A) China B) Brazil C) Egypt D) FranceE) Sweden Answer C Explanation C) Employees in Egypt are more likely to value team-oriented and participative leadership than U. S. employees. However, Egypt is also a relatively high-power-distance culture, meaning status differences between leaders and followers are expected. So, a manager must be participative yet demonstrate his or her high level of status by asking employees for their opinions, trying to minimize conflicts, and yet not being afraid to take charge and making the final decision (after consulting team members). Diff 2Page Ref 168Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 6 66) According to the GLOBE project, which of the following is true of the leadership style preferred by employees in China? A) leaders who are team-oriented and humane B) leaders with high LPC scores C) leaders who take self-governing decisions D) leaders with a more or less participative style E) leaders who act alone without engaging the group Answer D Explanation D) According to the GLOBE study, Chinese culture emphasizes being polite, considerate, and unselfish, but it also has a high performance orientation.These two factors suggest consideration and initiating structure may both be important. Although Chinese culture is relatively participative compared to that of the coupled States, there are also sta tus differences between leaders and employees. This suggests a moderately participative style may work best. Diff 2Page Ref 168 Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 6 Leo supervises a global team of project members based in ten-fold countries. Maria is Brazilian Jean-Paul is French, Amit is Egyptian, and Xiang is Chinese. Leo is American and is based in the United States. 7) In the light on the findings of the GLOBE project, which team members can be expected to respond most favorably when Leo exhibits high levels of initiating structure? A) Jean-Paul and Xiang B) Amit and Xiang C) Maria and Jean-Paul D) Amit and Maria E) Xiang and Amit Answer A Explanation A) France and China are countries where individuals tend to value initiating structure. The French have a bureaucratic view of leaders and expect leaders to make decisions relatively autocratically. The Chinese have a high performance orientation that emphasizes status differences between employees.Leaders with high initiatin g structures therefore have better results in these countries. Diff 3Page Ref 168 AACSB Analytic Skills Objective Behavioral Theories Quest. Category Application LO 6 68) Which of the following team members would be least likely to respond favorably if Leo made project-related decisions independently, without consulting the team? A) Maria B) Jean-Paul C) Amit D) Xiang E) Maria and Jean-Paul Answer A Explanation A) Brazilians value participatory decision-making. Maria would thus be least likely to respond favorably to autocratic decision-making onLeos part. As one Brazilian manager remarked in a research study, We do not prefer leaders who take self-governing decisions and act alone without engaging the group. Thats part of who we are. Diff 3Page Ref 168 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 6 69) The team agrees that a large component of the project will be carried out at the Chinese headquarters, with Xiang responsible for leading that support team. Based on what th e GLOBE project concludes about Chinese culture, which of the following leader behaviors would be most effective?A) infrequent decision-making B) highly participatory decision-making C) autocratic decision-making D) decision-making without initiating structure E) moderately participatory decision-making Answer E Explanation E) Chinese culture emphasizes being polite, considerate, and unselfish, but it also has a high performance orientation. These two factors suggest consideration and initiating structure may both be important. Although Chinese culture is relatively participative compared to that of the United States, there are also status differences between leaders and employees.This suggests a moderately participative style may work best there. Diff 3Page Ref 168 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 6 70) In carrying out a transformational approach to overseeing the project, Leo strives to implement the universal elements of transformational leadership. He most li kely implements all of the following except ________. A) vision B) providing encouragement C) positiveness D) proactiveness E) silent leadership Answer E Explanation E) The silence of a leader is very virile in Japan, but not necessarily in other countries.Silent leadership is, therefore, not considered one of the university elements of transformational leadership. The elements are vision, foresight, providing encouragement, trustworthiness, dynamism, positiveness, and proactiveness. Diff 1Page Ref 168 AACSB Analytic Skills Quest. Category Application LO 6 71) The term leadership is synonymous with management. Answer FALSE Explanation Although often used interchangeably, the terms leadership and management have two different meanings. John Kotter of the Harvard Business School argues that management is the ability to wangle with complexity.Leadership, by contrast, is defined as the ability to cope with change. Diff 1Page Ref 150 Objective Management and Leadership Quest. Category Concept/Definitional LO 1 72) Nonsanctioned leadership is usually less important than formal influence. Answer FALSE Explanation Nonsanctioned leadershipthe ability to influence that arises outside the formal structure of the organizationis often as important or more important than formal

Misuse of Mobile Phones Essay

quick or cellphone phones have revolutionized our lives since many years. In past people had to wait for days or even weeks to pass reply to their letters. Then with time and technological advancements things started failting easier with the invention of speech sound and then finally it got a lot easier with the introduction of cell phones. jail cell phones provide us the opportunity to converse, figure pop out and access content. Mobile phones have redefined connectivity and communication. But high-end mobile phones have also turned out to be handy devices for criminals, anti-social elements and even activists. Mobile phones have their enforces and misuses.Uses The ability to slop wirelessly and all across the world is one of the major uses of cell phones. booth phones have surfaced as the main communication gadgets for millions of countryside, distant and undersized aras in many developing countries where it is quite hard to build widespread fixed-line as well as other landline phone infrastructures. One green goddess use cell phones in many disaster circumstances and emergencies to get helpful and apt help. Some of the mobile phones have special features desire maps etc. If you ar new somewhere and have lost your dash you ass get help using your cell phone. There are number of applications like calculator, torch, calendar etc in almost every cell phone. One can get help from these applications whenever unavoidablenessed. You can call or chat with your friends or family members for hours with the introduction of a number of worthy packages for you to avail. thusly by spending less money you can talk for durable time period. These packages are worthy enough as compared to wired or landline phone charges.Misuses On one side if cell phones are the best sources to get instant help in the hour of need there are some drawbacks of this gadget. It is a fact that parents allow their kids use mobile phones at an early age. But it is only to murder for sure about their safety and security which is needed since we live in an unfastened society. However, unfortunately many times it has been observed that these children do not make use of it in a proper manner. They spend hours talking to their friends, not for good purposes but to gossip and thus waste their time.They prefer indoor(prenominal) games like those in the mobiles rather than the outdoor games. This can impact blackballly on theirminds physical fitness. The law made by the governments of many countries was more appreciated by a large number of people concord to which it is restricted to the children to buy a SIM card until they reach the age of eighteen. mass of parents are thankful to their government for taking this effective step.Some of the common misuses of mobile phones are cameras loaded on majority of mobile phones can be used to take pictures of women and innocent children these pictures are then normally morphed, maneuvered and circulated on the Inte rnet and can be used for any negative purpose. Texting can also be used to misuse or get behind people. Cell phones have been known to be used by obscure elements, burglars and criminals can plan out a number of criminal schemes, scamming plans and other illegal activities.Thus cell phones if on one side a blessing then on the other side they can progress to disasters in our lives and society. It is advisable to make use of mobile phones for positive and useable purposes and not for negative activities.

Literature Search

Grap, Mary. ,Munro, Cindy. , Hummel, Russel. , Jessica. , Elswick, and Sessler Curtis. 2005. Effect of cover Elevation on the Development of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. AACN. Retrieved from ajcc. aacnjournals. org on frame 3, 2012. Abstract priming coat Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common complication of machinelike ventilation. Backrest position and eon exhausted supine are captious encounter factors for aspiration, increasing the risk for pneumonia. Empirical evidence of the effect of backbone positions on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, oddly during mechanical ventilation over condemnation, is limited. target area To describe the relationship surrounded by binding summit meeting and development of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Methods It is a nonexperimental, longitudinal, descriptive design was employ. The clinical pulmonic Infection class was used to determine ventilator-associated pneumonia. Backrest elevation was measured continuously with a transducer system. information were obtained from laboratory results and medical records from the pose of mechanical ventilation up to 7 days. Results Sixty-six subjects were monitored (276 patient days).Mean backrest elevation for the entire study pointedness was 21. 7. Backrest elevations were little(prenominal) than 30 72% of the time and less than 10 39% of the time. The remember Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score increased but non significantly, and backrest elevation had no devise effect on symbolize home runs. A model for predicting the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score at day 4 included baseline score, percentage of time spent at less than 30 on study day 1, and score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic wellness Evaluation II, explaining 81% of the variance (F=7. 1, P=. 003). Literature Search 3 Conclusions Subjects spent the majority of the time at backrest elevations less than 30. Only the combination of early, first-class honours degree backrest elevation and severity of nausea affected the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Amelia Ross. (2006). The impact of an evidence-based confide cultivation program on the role of viva wangle in the pr unconstipatedtion of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Retrieved from, www. elsevierhealth. com/journals/iccn. on action 2, 2012.Abstract BACKGROUND Despite sound evidence in the literature on the role of oral anguish in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), nurses continue to grab oral occupy as a comfort measure with minor priority and utilize scintillate swabs or else than toothbrushes. Although an evidence-based oral handle communications protocol existed and best-practice oral parcel out tools were available, the VAP range had not significantly falloffd even though nurses report providing oral care. OBJECTIVESThe aim of the study was to determine if an evidence-based practice (EBP) educational program would remediate the qual ity of oral care delivered to automatically ventilated patients thereby, reducing the VAP rate. RESULTS usefulness in oral health was show by a decrease in median scores on the Oral Assessment subscribe to (pre (11. 0), post (9. 0)). A t-test analysis revealed a statistically significant variety (p=0. 0002). The frequency of oral care financial backing also improved as demonstrated by a corroboratory shift to the to a greater extent than support timeframes. The VAP rates have decreased by 50% following the EBP education Literature Search 4 ntervention. CONCLUSIONS The practiceation of an EBP educational program pore on patient outcome rather than a task to be performed improved the quality of oral care delivered by the nursing staff. Carolyn L. , Cason, Tracy, Tyner. , Sue, Saunders, Lisa, Broom. , 2007. Nurses writ of execution of Guidelines for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and legal profession. AACN. Retrieved from ajcc. aacnjour nals. org on March 1, 2012. Abstract Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia accounts for 47% of infections in patients in intensive care units.Adherence to the best nursing practices recommended in the 2003 guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should reduce the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. fair game To evaluate the extent to which nurses functional in intensive care units implement best practices when managing adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods Nurses aid education seminars in the unify States completed a 29-item questionnaire about the subject and frequency of care provided. Results 12 hundred nurses completed the questionnaire.Most (82%) reported compliance with apply-washing guidelines, 75% reported exhausting gloves, half reported elevating the head of the bed, a third reported acting subglottic suctioning, and half reported having an oral care proto col in their hospital. Nurses in hospitals with an oral care protocol reported better compliance with hand washing and maintaining head-of-bed elevation, were more likely to regularly provide oral care, and were more familiar with rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and the organisms involved than were nurses working in hospitals without such protocols.Literature Search5 Conclusions The guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are not consistently or uniformly implemented. Practices of nurses engaged in hospitals with oral care protocols are more often congruent with the guidelines than are practices of nurses employed in hospitals without such protocols. operative reductions in rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia may be achieved by broader writ of execution of oral care protocols. Grap, Mary. ,Munro, Cindy. , Hummel, Russel. , Jessica. Elswick, and Sessler Curtis. 2005. Effect of Backrest Ele vation on the Development of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia. AACN. Retrieved from ajcc. aacnjournals. org on March 3, 2012. Abstract Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia is a common complication of mechanical ventilation. Backrest position and time spent supine are critical risk factors for aspiration, increasing the risk for pneumonia. Empirical evidence of the effect of backrest positions on the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia, especially during mechanical ventilation over time, is limited. Objective To describe the relationship between backrest elevation and development of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Methods It is a nonexperimental, longitudinal, descriptive design was used. The Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score was used to determine ventilator-associated pneumonia. Backrest elevation was measured continuously with a transducer system. Data were obtained from laboratory results and medical records from the start of mechanical ventilation up to 7 days. Results Sixty-six subjects were monitored (276 patient days).Mean backrest elevation for the entire study period was 21. 7. Backrest elevations were less than 30 72% of the time and less than 10 39% of the time. The mean Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score increased but not significantly, and backrest elevation had no direct effect on mean scores. A model for predicting the Clinical Pulmonary Infection Score at day 4 included baseline score, percentage of time spent at less than 30 on study day 1, and score on the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II, explaining 81% of the variability (F=7. 1, P=. 003). Literature Search 3 Conclusions Subjects spent the majority of the time at backrest elevations less than 30. Only the combination of early, low backrest elevation and severity of illness affected the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Amelia Ross. (2006). The impact of an evidence-based practice education program on the role of oral care in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Retrieved from, www. elsevierhealth. com/journals/iccn. on March 2, 2012.Abstract BACKGROUND Despite strong evidence in the literature on the role of oral care in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), nurses continue to view oral care as a comfort measure with low priority and utilize foam swabs rather than toothbrushes. Although an evidence-based oral care protocol existed and best-practice oral care tools were available, the VAP rates had not significantly decreased even though nurses reported providing oral care. OBJECTIVESThe aim of the study was to determine if an evidence-based practice (EBP) educational program would improve the quality of oral care delivered to mechanically ventilated patients thereby, reducing the VAP rate. RESULTS Improvement in oral health was demonstrated by a decrease in median scores on the Oral Assessment Guide (pre (11. 0), post (9. 0)). A t-test analysis revealed a statistically significant differ ence (p=0. 0002). The frequency of oral care documentation also improved as demonstrated by a positive shift to the more frequent timeframes. The VAP rates have decreased by 50% following the EBP education Literature Search 4 ntervention. CONCLUSIONS The implementation of an EBP educational program focused on patient outcome rather than a task to be performed improved the quality of oral care delivered by the nursing staff. Carolyn L. , Cason, Tracy, Tyner. , Sue, Saunders, Lisa, Broom. , 2007. Nurses Implementation of Guidelines for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. AACN. Retrieved from ajcc. aacnjournals. org on March 1, 2012. Abstract Background Ventilator-associated pneumonia accounts for 47% of infections in patients in intensive care units.Adherence to the best nursing practices recommended in the 2003 guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention should r educe the risk of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Objective To evaluate the extent to which nurses working in intensive care units implement best practices when managing adult patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Methods Nurses attending education seminars in the United States completed a 29-item questionnaire about the type and frequency of care provided. Results Twelve hundred nurses completed the questionnaire.Most (82%) reported compliance with hand-washing guidelines, 75% reported wearing gloves, half reported elevating the head of the bed, a third reported performing subglottic suctioning, and half reported having an oral care protocol in their hospital. Nurses in hospitals with an oral care protocol reported better compliance with hand washing and maintaining head-of-bed elevation, were more likely to regularly provide oral care, and were more familiar with rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia and the organisms involved than were nurses working in hospitals with out such protocols.Literature Search5 Conclusions The guidelines for the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention are not consistently or uniformly implemented. Practices of nurses employed in hospitals with oral care protocols are more often congruent with the guidelines than are practices of nurses employed in hospitals without such protocols. Significant reductions in rates of ventilator-associated pneumonia may be achieved by broader implementation of oral care protocols.

Racism In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Essay

Racism is rough ascendancy. In southern literary productions this control is very prevalent. In this canvass the focus of racism in southern literature will be scrutinized, dissected, and analyzed. Since racism is nigh control, the unfettering of such belligerence becomes didactic in the do of a invigorated. In Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird racism is ubiquitous with the young culture in the townspeople. on the dot as Atticus is a lawyer in the book, Scout the teller and child depicts the scene of racism thusly, My fists were clenched I was ready to advance fly. Cecil Jacobs had announced the day before that Scout Finchs daddy defended niggers.though Scout continually defends Atticus on the playground and in opposite parts of town, the racism remarks do not stop. Even Scouts cousin Francis is overwhelmingly supplied with racist remarks, At a safe outer space her called, Hes nothin but a nigger-lover. It is in racism, and the reality of that detriment that the entire t owns lives are changed, and the political arena of the royal court shows itself as discriminatory. In Gone with the Wind by Margaret Mitchell the story is expand with racism. Of course the novel takes place during the Civil war and this was the apex of the peel for slave necessitousdom. In the novel it almost seems as though thraldom is glorified because of the way they are depicted as subservient, and loyal.Scarlett herself, in the novel, is excessive with her way of life, she loves to be pampered and catered to by both men, and servants. Slavery for her is ideal because she does not have to do anything for herself. The analysis then, is that in order for her to become a dynamic and more than a flat character she must make up up her antebellum siemensern ways, and accept that in a free world her type of egoism is no longer warranted. Due to the novel taking place during the Civil War it is to be expected that slavery is a crux by which the author writes. Slavery in the Sou th has always been an issue. There lies deep-seeded resentfulness towards the history yet racism is still quick today. The reason that southern literature still focuses its story line afterward such prejudice is to make readers aware of the sentiments in southern culture. effective because the history of slavery is over with, doesnt mean that racism isnt a stigma still exercised in the South today. In the novel, deep-fried Green Tomatoes by Fanny Flagg, the issues of bi-racial marriage and racism tear the town asunder while at once building an umbrage by which the main characters form a support for individually other, and defend to each one other against such prejudices. What racism in southern literature finally teaches is that even though decades have transpired, the issues of racism that were current during the Civil War and prior are still in societal conceptions. It is through words use, and the continual torturing of blacks in each novel, and the prejudices that they suf fer and their friends are clear to that the authors of southern literature want their audience to realize happened, and is still happening. In To Kill A Mockingbird Lee wants to represent how racism filters in through all facets of society.In Southern Literature it is not about how racism affects only the black population but how it affects the entire community, how god-awful a person can become because they seek power and control over another person, and how that persuasion can emphasis the evil in kind-heartedness. Southern black literature represents how racism destroys a person, how in each novel, characters either succumb to the power or it depicts how protagonists rise with subjective humanity and try to scotch the brutality that is racism.Racism is such a bulletproof theme in each of these books because the characters in the books fight against a steamroller force, and against odds, hopefully overcome the misconceptions that thrive in racism. Southern black literature an d especially in the aforementioned novels, needs to present racism in order for racism to be stopped, for only after the causes are demonstrate can the entire prejudice cease, that is the purpose of the novels.BibliographyHarper, L. (1988). To Kill a Mockingbird. voluptuous Central Publishing, New York.

Defining Philosophy Essay

Philosophy derives from the cardinal Greek words philein, which means ? to love, and sophia, which means ? knowledge or ? wiseness (Moore & Bruder, 2002, p. 2). This is not the only definition of philosophy as philosophy is a very vast subject. A critical examination of reality characterized by rational inquiry that aims at the Truth for the sake of attaining wisdom (Russo & Fair, 2000, 4). My commentary of philosophy is a field of view of study where one thinks outside of the stroke in the search for knowledge or wisdom that does not acquire scientific explanations.There is no consistency in the nature of philosophic questions. The nature of many philosophic questions concern norms. The application of norms, likewise know as standards occurs when community ascertain whether slightlything is good or bad, right or vituperate, beautiful or ugly. Normative questions ask about the value of something. The field of science explains how things argon but does not tell us how thi ngs ought to be. sometimes philosophical questions arise when dissentent people believe different things. For example, some people believe that a political campaign-and-effect relationship exists in everything.If a someone drinks spoiled milk, he or she get out get sick. There ar new(prenominal)(a)s that believe when one voluntarily decides to do something- nothing made them decide to do that. This refutes the ca practice session-and-effect relationship belief. Then there are many other ways to look at the situation. Is every happening caused? Or are some happenings uncaused? Or is it perhaps that decisions are not happenings? These questions cause a dilemma that subscribe tos philosophizing. The importance of some philosophical questions-Is there a God who is attentive, caring, and responsive to us?and Is abortion cleanly wrong? -is demonstrable and vast. A justification would have to be given for not contemplating them. exactly some philosophical questions are of more or less obscure, and patently only academic or theoretical, consequence. Not everything philosophers consider is dynamite. But then, every field has its theoretical and non-practical questions. Some questions are inherently interesting to the people who pose them. Some philosophical questions are asked because the philosopher wants to know the answer manifestly to know the answer.Most philosophical questions tend to fall into one of these quadruplet areas Questions connect to being or existence (Metaphysics), Questions related to knowledge (Epistemology), Questions related to values, and Questions of logical system or the surmise of correct reasoning. Metaphysics and Epistemology are branches of philosophy that are very similar to one another. The questions related to values are standards of beam and conditions of responsibility. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that is concerned with these areas Cosmology- Theory of reality and Ontology- Theory of being.The deuce basic questions of metaphysics ask what is being?and what are its fundamental features and properties? Some unique(predicate) examples of metaphysics questions are What is the mind? Do people have free will? Metaphysical bookstores, for example, specialize in all sorts of occult subjects, from channeling, harmonic convergence, and benefit power to past-life hypnotic regression, psychic surgery, and spirit photography. However, the true history of metaphysics is kinda different.Metaphysics has little to do with the occult or Tarot cards and the like. Epistemology is the theory of knowledge that asks what is the nature of knowledge and what are the criteria, sources, and limits of knowledge.Specific examples of epistemology questions are What is virtue? and Is it possible to know anything with absolute certainty? The questions related to values involve four different philosophies (1) moral philosophy (ethics)- is the study of right and wrong in human action or the philosophical study o f moral judgments (2) social philosophy- the philosophical study of society and its institutions (3) political philosophy- which focuses on the put forward and seeks to determine its justification and ethically proper organizationAnd (4) aesthetics- is the study of smash or the philosophical study of art and ofvalue judgments about art. Questions of logic or the theory of correct reasoning, seeks to investigate and establish the criteria of sound evidence and demonstration. Logic is the study of the principles of right reasoning. Logic is the basic tool that philosophers use to investigate reality. The questions raised by logic are (1) What makes an argument valid or invalid (2) What is a sound argument?philosophical questions differ from questions of a scientific or factual nature because philosophical answers ordinarily entail making careful distinctions in thought, words, argument, and recognizing subtle distinctions among things and among facts. Philosophical solutions also require logic and critical thinking skills, discussion, and exposition. Philosophy involves one to fall upon how to look carefully for similarities and differences among things and develop an ability to spot logical difficulties in what others write or say and to avoid these pitfalls in their own thinking.In addition, in philosophy people learn to recognize and critically treasure the important unstated assumptions people make about the orb and themselves and other people and life in general. These assumptions affect how people perceive the world and what they say and do yet for the most part people are not aware of them and are disinclined to consider them critically. Finally, learning philosophical lessons allow people not to become trapped by stubbornness.Philosophical lessons instill the value of open-mindedness and seeking solutions to problems that meet standards of coherence and reasonableness. References Moore, B. N. , & Bruder, K. (2002). Philosophy The fountain of Ide as (5th ed. ). Boston McGraw-Hill Russo, M. , & Fair, G. (2000). What is Philosophy Anyway. Retrieved from the World Wide Web on frame in 17, 2006 from http//www. molloy. edu/academic/philosophy/SOPHIA/what_is_philosophy_anyway. htm.

Consorcio comes to America

The goal of Be American is the understanding of the reality of the immigrant feel, which is filled with the difficulty of getting past the ethnic barrier, and of getting acquainted with a new lands idea of ignorance and literacy. Consorcio has a boastfully problem he wants to flex an American. He soon finds out that the generation and events will not agree with him. Consorcio comes to America and soon realizes the hard roleplay involved in getting a better life in America. Right a musical mode, the reader is greeted with the problem of Consorcios illiteracy.The story starts immediately with it was not Consorcios charge, referring to his inability no read or write English and his inherent dialect. Consorcio has to deal with his own ignorance, which showed in many little wayshe breaks plates because he only knew coconut shells and wooden utensils, sleeps on top of the sheets, does not want to eat bread and thatter. Consorcio is typical of most immigrant peasants who came to Am erica for a better life, knowing little but the provincial life full of farm work. Still, Consorcio is intent on becoming American, even buying books to hasten himself along his Americanization.But when he asks his cousin how long he would take a leak to hold back, Consorcio is unpleasantly surprised when he discovers from his cousin that he needs to wait five years to occasion American. A year later, when his cousin visits him, Consorcio no longer has his books. He has sold them because he is unable to read, with no way to learn. Consorcio is now working as a bakers assistant. Consorcio is still intent on becoming American, though. When his cousin suggests a free night school, he agrees to win over his job so he can study.Two years later his cousin returns to find Consorcio gone, with an untraceable address. But soon Consorcio sends his cousin boxes of fruit and scram of the company he works for. Consorcios and the cousin meet again after 2 years later, in Los Angeles. Conso rcio is disappointed. He has no job, hasnt finished school, and has become aware that he could not obtain American citizenship. More than two years later the cousin starts to receive letters (Consorcio has fin every(prenominal)y become literate). Consorcio starts to devour the resolution of his dream of Americanization in his literacy.Consorcio becomes American in a different way from what he has been desiring all the years of his stay in America. Consorcio begins a publication defending the rights of American and immigrant workers. Because of his activist literature, Consorcio experiences jail. Here we see that in spite of ongoing contradictions, Consorcio was, in a way, able to statement his situation. For want of his American ideal, Consorcio fights with his words. He becomes American in this way, not officially, but in the American way of fighting for the ideal of liberty.This is what America is all aboutat least this is what we understand from the cousinand he did what so man y before him did, and that is fight for justice, and equality. Then war comes, and Consorcios crusade ends. cardinal years after arriving on America, Consorcio dies. The (anti)climax comes with Consorcios death. Before his death, as his cousin says, he has become American in his own right. Still, he never unfeignedly experiences the good life promised by America, and dies with the embers of his dream.

Text Analysis of the Epic of Gilgamesh

Jill Seymour HST 197 Dr. Smith September 17, 2012 Text Analysis of The Epic of Gilgamesh The interrogate I musical theme about while reading this text was what the berth is for women, and how their actions and descriptions reveal Mesopotamian attitudes concerning gender. The female gender was non highly looked upon during these whiles. The only duration you see a respected female figure is when the mother of a son is creation talked about. Any other time females atomic number 18 being talked about, they are portray with vulgar pieceistics and seen as simply being in that location to serve the soldiery.I will go through both modes the women are being portrayed, and relate them back to how they reveal Mesopotamian culture. The main cleaning lady character in this story is Ishtar. Ishtar is the goddess of love, fertility, and war the Queen of Heaven. Normally when you think of the sacred scripture goddess, a majestic and noble type of being comes to mind. Ishtar is portra yed as the complete opposite in The Epic of Gilgamesh. The eldest time she comes into incline she uses the characteristics of a prostitute to lure in the man that she wants, which at the time is Enkidu. Ishtar is told make your breasts bare, have no shame.Let him see you naked, let him possess your torso (Sandars, 3). It then goes on to range that she was not ashamed to take him, she do herself naked and welcomed his eagerness (Sandars, 4). Before she is told to lay with Enkidu, the story explains that this is not the first man she has done this to. Ishtar is being apply for this, because she is kn avouch to have her path with the men and they dont know how to tell her no because of her beauty. The way Ishtar is seen relates back to Mesopotamian culture in showing that women were not very in-chief(postnominal) in society.They were mainly there to serve the man and to reproduce. They were looked at in two ways the daughter of her father, or the wife of her husband. At an ear ly(a) age girls were teach to do the roles of a good wife and mother. It was not frowned upon in their culture for women to be at the mercy of the men. Women were able to own property and have jobs outside of the home, but that decreased when more straightforward social classes arose in the second millennium. Husbands gained authority in the household and benefited from the labor union and divorce laws (Bulliet, 18).Even the law was against women and helped out the male gender in more or less every situation. The next time she comes into play, we are seeing similar characteristics of her nerve-wracking to lure in the man she wants when she is trying to get Gilgamesh to adopt her. arrive to me Gilgamesh, she says, make me your bridegroom grant me seed of your body (Sandars, 25). She tells him she will shed him anything he can possibly imagine if he would only marry her. When Gilgamesh refuses the offer we see a different side of Ishtar.She starts being portrayed as evil and s elf-centered. Ishtar goes to her father in tears saying to slaughter Gilgamesh for refusing her proposal or she will let all of hell smash free, literally. Even marriage in the Mesopotamian culture benefitted the man more than the woman. A man normally took just one wife, but he could bewilder a second if the first gave him no children (Bulliet, 18). The woman was to be a servant, of sorts, to the husband, and was expected to prey him children. Later they became a way to hold the line wealth in the family by redactd marriages. Kings and rich men had several wives. coupling alliances arranged between families made women instruments for preserving and enhancing family wealth (Bulliet, 18). Even here they are referred to as instruments, and not given the respect of a human being. If the woman didnt bare children, she was easily replaceable. If the woman came from a wealthy family, or her family wanted to become wealthy, they would arrange a marriage for her to gain or keep wealt h in the family. On the other hand, women werent unceasingly looked at in this manner.Gilgamesh respected his mother very much so, and would go to her for advice. His mother, Ninsun, is said to be a minor goddess, but she is noted in a couple different places for her wisdom. Now Gilgamesh got up to tell his pipe dream to his mother, Ninsun, one of the wise gods (Sandars, 5). In Mesopotamian culture, even the women gods were respected by the people. They thought them all to be wise and would seek their guidance in reliable situations. Their religious beliefs brought this respect, and in some ways fear, to honor the gods so they would be gracious in return. Religious beliefs instilled fear of the gods, who could alter the landscape, and desire to abide them (Belliet, 19). The Mesopotamians believed that the gods were human like in form, but that if they were to be unhappy by something the people did, they could alter anything in their lives, and in some cases even eliminate them. Overall, women were not looked at then the same ways they are looked at today. The cultural norm for women was to serve the men with their bodies and in their actions. If they did not give the man the children he wanted, she could be replaced.At an early age they were being trained to have the skills of a good wife and mother. It was not frowned upon for a man to have more than one wife. This did not extend often until just about the second mullinium, but was quite oftenly seen with the kings and rich men. The another way the women were used in this society was to keep or gain wealth for her family. The families would arrange the marriages for her daughter, and she would have to make sure to keep her husband happy so she was not replaced. The gods and goddesses were feared and respected on the other hand.They were able to manipulate what would happen in the peoples lives, so they made sure to keep them happy even the women were kept happy in this sense. Mesopotamian culture wasnt too far off from how some things are looked at in todays society, but women were not very important in their society. They were only there for few reasons, and if they didnt meet those expectations they were replaceable. Today we would say that is unjust and against our rights, but that is a privilege we now have in our country that those women were not able to achieve. Arent we glad to live in todays society where men and women have equal rights?

Mahatma Gandhi Essay

In 1978, James McGregor Burns wrote about the dearth of lead. wholeness of the about universal cravings of our time is a hunger for compelling and productive leading. McGregor Burns search for moral attractorship reveals the tragedy of leadership studies- the wateriness of leadership with demesne-beater. Tradition altogethery, leaders have been defined as those who hold g everywherenment agency allowing presidents, prime ministers and military generals, regardless of their accomplishments, to be considered leaders. Leadership studies have been get ahead detracted from moral leadership because of the confusion of leadership with management. John D. Rockefeller, Henry Ford, and account Gates argon considered leaders for the sparing power they amassed. The confusion of leadership with power and leadership with management has led to a model of leadership that is Machiavellian (manipulative), hierarchical, authoritative, im in-person, elitist, and self-interested.The person I believe to be the undischargedest leader of the twentieth century exhibited none of the qualities named above. This person held no official governmental title he commanded no army and he amassed no great wealth. He did, however, have tremendous influence. This truly exemplary leader derived his power from the conscious citizenry. The leader I am referring to is Mahatma Gandhi. Instrumental in the Indian Independence movement, Gandhis influence extended beyond the borders of India to the rest of the world. Gandhis philosophical system of non-violence inspired millions, including the great American polished rights leader Martin Luther faggot Jr. A simple, pious man, Gandhi identified with and won the hearts of Indias most politically and economically marginalized people. He spent his disembodied spirit battle to overcome modern forms of enslavement and oppression- caste oppression, religious hatred, gender oppression, and, what he saw as the worst form of violence, poverty.The purpose of this essay is to enlist Gandhis philosophy of non-violence and its influence worldwide as rise as the strategies and characteristics that do Gandhi flourishing. Gandhis philosophy of non-violence involved civil resistance, refusal to watch over with unjust police forces. He developed this philosophy while living and practicing law in southeast Africa. Organizing resistance to the notorious and grossly unjust apartheid system, which fire significant legislative change, Gandhi left an indelible mark on the South African struggle for racial justice. Upon his return to India in 1915, Gandhis philosophy of non-violence became infused with the struggle for swaraj ( self-determination). In India, Gandhi raised his philosophy of non-violence to overbold levels of sophistication. Gandhi believed that organized non-violent civil resistance, not war, would awaken the awareness of the British to their unjust domination over India.This was the belief that guided the Bardoil i protest, the Amritsar Massacre and the Salt March. Gandhis mobilizations were so prospered that they tarnished Britains international reputation and provoked irreversible change in Britains policy towards India, illustrating the potential of organized non-violent civil resistance. Gandhi was an uncompromising foe of violence. He knew that using violence to fight violence corrupts and debases even the most noble of causes and leaves a legacy of bloodshed. If we look to the revolutionary movements of the twentieth century, we underwrite the accuracy in Gandhis beliefs. The Bolsheviks, Maoists, the Khmer Rouge, the Shining Path, Sein Fein and the Palestinian Liberation arrangement all left tremendous bloodshed in the paths towards liberation. They left a legacy of death and violence, rather than peace. Gandhi knew that the only solution to hatred, ignorance and fear was love, truth, and forbearance.He knew that overcoming unjust hierarchies doesnt mean inverting them it pith el iminating them altogether. Gandhi and his followers, like those who risked their lives to hide Jews during the national socialist regime, were prepared to die to make injustice visible for the entire world to see. For Gandhi, truth was a powerful weapon, needing no others. Indeed, truth has proven to be the most powerful weapon humanity has even known. One of the strategies that made Gandhi an effective leader was his ability to build bridges between communities, between upper and lower caste Hindus and among Hindus, Muslims and Christians. Gandhi saw the intrinsic humanity of all individuals, regardless of their caste, religion, gender, or social position in society. Deeply rescind by communalism (Hindu-Muslim animosity), Gandhi was able to promote religious harmony through his private and public actions. When this harmony was threatened, he fasted.Gandhis tremendous ability to call for an end to provincial and religious hatreds was tested time and time once again with the Yera vda Pact and his fasts to end violence in Calcutta, Bengal and Delhi. One of the characteristics that made Gandhi successful was his ability to identify with the poor masses of India. Gandhis philosophy of self-rule distinguished itself from the elitism that characterized the Indian Independence movement, as well as more or less all other Independence movements of this century. Gandhi knew that handout India from the yoke of imperialism also meant freeing the masses from economic servitude. Gandhi was opposed to Independence for only an elite fewer he was fearful of an Independent India that would replicate past religious, caste and economic oppressions. Gandhi provided leadership by example.He exhibited the perfect marriage between personal morality and public action. The trump out example of this was his use of homespun framework that provided employment for the poor masses and revived the village economy. In a world in which the inequalities generated by a global economy are becoming more obvious and frightening, Gandhis critique of technology and economies that gain the powerful and marginalize the powerless is all too relevant now. The best demonstration of Gandhis leadership is his worldwide influence. American civil rights leader, Martin Luther big businessman Jr., the Dalai Lama, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Belo of East Timor, and countless other leaders have been deeply influenced by Gandhi and his philosophy of non-violence.For example, in 1994, in a Gandhian spirit of forgiveness and reconciliation, Nelson Mandela reached out to his adversaries- the same ones who had tortured and imprisoned him to bring an end to apartheid rule. Gandhis greatest legacy is the notoriety he achieved for advocating non-violence as a means of overcoming oppression. It is this belief that guides the actions of millions of average citizens who participate in civil society movements today across the globe. A tribute to Gandhis enduring lifetime achievements ordain be pay by naming the first decade of the new millenium the United Nations Decade of Non-Violence. No greater tribute has ever been paid to a leader of this century. Inspired and profoundly moved by his life and work, I hope the Decade of Non-Violence will truly awaken the consciousness of humanity into liberating ourselves from all and every kind of oppression using truth as our only tool.