The Atlantic Slave Trade Essay -- Slavery History Essays

The Atlantic Slave TradeThe changes in African life during the slave trade era form an important element in the economic and technological development of Africa. Although the Atlantic slave trade had a negative effect on both the economy and technology, it is important to understand that bondage was not a new concept to Africa. In fact, internal slavery existed in Africa for many years. Slaves included war captives, the kidnapped, adulterers, and other criminals and outcasts. However, the number of persons held in slavery in Africa, was very small, since no economic or social system had developed for exploiting them (Manning 97). The new system-Atlantic slave trade-became quite different from the early African slavery. The regulate of the Atlantic slave trade brought radical changes to the economy of Africa. At the time of the Atlantic slave trade, Africa was an res publica that had far-flung interests based on agriculture, industry, and commerce (Curtin 54). knotty strat ified societies based on settled village agriculture were developed throughout the continent. Essentially agricultural, the peoples of Africa displayed a remarkable degree of specialization within this past economic pursuit, writes John Hope Franklin, the author of From Slavery to Freedom A History of African Americans (p. 18). In addition to agriculture, artistry was a significant area of economic community. Even less complex communities included some with various skills. Furtherm...

Effects of CTelevision Broadcasting :: Essays Papers

Effects of CTelevision Broadcasting The tv set is one of the most widely known and utilized inventions of the twentieth century. As its popularity has grown, its effect on how people, especially children, view the world around them has become more prominent and recognized. To suggest that children growing up in the 1990s consist in a different world than the one their parents or grandparents experienced is not only to state the obvious, but to understate the obvious. Increasing popularity of television in the midst of the generations is partly responsible for the changes. Television is at the center of a multimedia society. Television is especially prominent because it reaches children at a much younger maturate than other mediums. (Asamen 9) Television becomes a firm staple in most childrens lives a considerable amount of time before formal pedagogics begins. Children as young as six months react to televisions sights and sounds. For young children, a major determinate of what. .. they view is what... their parents view. This measure of coviewing decreases with age as does the time spent with parents in other activities. (Bryant 231) Television and Time Control It is generally recognized that television dominates a lot of childrens time, more than whatsoever other waking activity. TV instructing is often paired with other activities, such as talking, reading, and studying though. The effects of television on children vary, depending on the programs watched and when and with whom they watch it. It also depends on how often and how much the child watches television. (Bryant 227) Research on the effect has been sparse. Recently, some investigators have taken account of the role played by television in family as planned or default activity, as subject matter for discussion and argument, as the occasion for parental regulation and for childrens trust of increasing responsibility for controlling their own time use. The media has taken on a partial role in raising children, just as church and school did in the past. (Bryant 227) Childrens use of television is influenced by structural factors in their lives. Children who attend day care, for example, are less likely to watch large amounts of television than those who are home all day long. Other factors of how much television children watch are if they have access to all stations or a VCR, education, social class, and ethnicity. Researchers efforts to analyze family influences on viewing rest on some general assumptions about television use.

Concretions :: essays research papers fc

Dating back to the 18th century concretions absorb been known as geologic curiositys due to the discordant sizes, shapes and compositions. Concretions have excessively been thought to be dinosaur eggs, extra-terrestrial debris, human artifacts and animal and plant fossils. Due to these curiositys I will try and enlighten you more on these in the following by explaining the process in which they are formed and explaining some locations where they can be found in large outcrops.     The word "concretion" is derived from the Latin "con"-- meaning "together" -- and "cresco" -- meaning "to grow."      Concretions are hard compact accumulations of mineral matter and are found inside sedimentary disceptations. Some examples of this are Sandstone and in some weathered volcanic rock. Concretions come in many different shapes and the most(prenominal) common of the shapes is spherical or disk shaped. Concreti ons are the most varied-shaped rocks of the sedimentary world. The way concretions come to be is the mineral matter concentrates around the nucleus of a host rock. The nucleus is often organic much(prenominal) as a tooth or leaf or shell or fossil. As the mineral matter concentrates around the nucleus it forms harder zones known as nodules.     Concretions are rattling odd in the sense that they very in size, shape, color and hardness. Often concretions are mistaken for bones, fossils, meteorites and other odd objects. They can be so abject that it requires a magnifying glass to be visible or as large as 10 feet in diameter and weigh hundreds of pounds. Concretions can also have somewhat of regular shapes such as boxwoodes, blocks, flat disks, pipes, cannon balls and have even been known to resemble parts of a human body such as a foot or ribs.     Concretions are most commonly composed of calcite but sometimes can be composed of iron oxide or iron hydroxide such as goethite. But also concretions can be composed of other minerals ranging from siderite, ankerite, dolomite, pyrite, baryite and gypsum.     Concretions form in many different ways. The box shape of some ironstone concretions most often depend on the way a sandstone or shale bed breaks up due to the action of weathering into regular blocks of various sizes. The way in which this separation takes place along natural planes of weakness in a rock such as a horizontal bedding material surface and vertical joints. Before this process of separation, as well as during the separation ground water soaks into the rock and circulates through the planes of weakness making the rock more porous.

Foils :: Essays Papers

Foils1 When sitting down and reading Hamlet by William Shakespeare, it made me think back to when I read the play in high school. I tried to remember as much as I could. By reading the play preceding in high school, it made me understand the play a lot more. When asked to go through the play and explain the foils of Hamlet, I find it kind of firmly to come up with the foils. When coming up with foils, I guess the startle foil I can come up with is Hamlet and the King. Looking at another one, I guess it would have to be the Queen and Ophelia. These are the only two foils that I can come up with that have whatever similarities and some differences, but still think it is kind of difficult to determine which char defenders in Hamlet are foils. SS - 1 Definition of foils? 2 To start off, we must look at two of the main characters in the play. They would be Hamlet and the King. When looking at them both? as foils, we look at their similarities and their differences. We will fi rst look at these twos differences. We look at Hamlet and the King, and we see that they are different in a couple of ways. First, one is a King, while the other is the boy of the ex-King. Another would be that Hamlet didnt know really how his father was killed until his ghost told him, while the King knew how he was killed because he murdered him. Looking at another difference, we would have to say that these two were different in their actions. Hamlet was trying to act like he was insane, while the King was trying to act like a King and that he really cared that something was wrong with Hamlet. These would be some differences of Hamlet and the King. Beginning with the differences and then moving to the similarities reflects a major misunderstanding of parity / contrast thinking. The similarities need to be established first, as justification for looking at the differences. 3 Going on to look at the similarities of Hamlet and the King, we first have to start off with that th ey both love the Queen. We can see this in that the King murdered Hamlets father because he loved his wife, in Delete in.

Author Thomas Hardy and Educational Reform :: Biography Biographies Essays

Author Thomas brave and Educational ReformBritain did not base a national system of education until the year 1870. Until this time, education for the masses was not centralized, but separated by class. Local authorities, philanthropists, and religiously affiliated societies usually provided education for the poor. Meanwhile, middle-class and upper-class children were either sent to public schools or home-tutored. Not until the year 1862 and the formation of the New Castle Commission would education suck up to become more standardized, though slowly. The reformists argued the necessity of teaching rudimentary skills in basic subjects, especially to the working class. Education at home became less common, and women were no longer taught only domesticity, but academic studies as well. Despite all of these advances, it was not until the year 1870, when the Elementary Education Act was passed, that education became standardized in England. Not only was a secular national system set up but, by the year 1880, school attendance had be come mandatory for anyone under the age of ten. Affluent children attended denominational and public schools, while less affluent children attended Englands national schools. By the end of the century direction was then shifted to secondary education. The majority of Thomas insolents education took place prior to any attempt at standardization, and therefore, the brunt of this responsibility fell upon his mother and acquaintances he make as a small boy and young man. In the fall of 1848, at the age of eight, Hardy entered his first school at the Stinsford Parish, where he wise(p) mathematics and geography. It was run by the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Establi shed Church. Hardys mother, as always, was concerned with and had more ambitious plans for Hardys education and supplemented his readings. She withdrew Hardy from the conformist school, and in 1850, she enrolled him at a s chool in Dorchester, run by the noncon formist British and Foreign School Society under the respectable headmaster, Isaac Last. At Last s school, Hardy learned Latin and mathematics. At the age of 15, he began learning French as well, and in 1856, at the age of 16, Hardy became an apprentice to John Hicks, an architect in Dorchester. During his apprenticeship, Hardy became friends with Horace Moule, who served Hardy as an unofficial tutor, and influenced his reading. In April of 1862, at age 22, Hardy decided to move to London, and with the benefactor of a family friend, John Norton, got a job as an architect with Arthur Bloomfield.

Author Thomas Hardy and Educational Reform :: Biography Biographies Essays

Author Thomas Hardy and Educational ReformBritain did not establish a national system of teaching method until the year 1870. Until this time, education for the masses was not centralized, but separated by class. Local authorities, philanthropists, and religiously affiliated societies usually provided education for the poor. Meanwhile, middle-class and upper-class children were either sent to public schools or home-tutored. not until the year 1862 and the formation of the New Castle Commission would education start to belong more standardized, though slowly. The reformists argued the necessity of teaching rudimentary skills in basic subjects, especially to the working class. Education at home became less common, and women were no weeklong taught only domesticity, but academic studies as well. Despite all of these advances, it was not until the year 1870, when the Elementary Education Act was passed, that education became standardized in England. Not only was a secular national sys tem set up but, by the year 1880, school attendance had be come obligatory for anyone below the age of ten. Affluent children attended denominational and public schools, while less affluent children attended Englands national schools. By the end of the century attention was and so shifted to secondary education. The majority of Thomas Hardys education took place prior to any attempt at standardization, and therefore, the brunt of this responsibility fell upon his mother and acquaintances he made as a small boy and young man. In the fall of 1848, at the age of eight, Hardy entered his first school at the Stinsford Parish, where he learned math and geography. It was run by the National Society for Promoting the Education of the Poor in the Principles of the Establi shed Church. Hardys mother, as always, was concerned with and had more ambitious plans for Hardys education and supplemented his readings. She withdrew Hardy from the conformist school, and in 1850, she enrolled him at a school in Dorchester, run by the noncon formist British and Foreign School Society under the respectable headmaster, Isaac depart. At Last s school, Hardy learned Latin and mathematics. At the age of 15, he began learning French as well, and in 1856, at the age of 16, Hardy became an prepare to John Hicks, an architect in Dorchester. During his apprenticeship, Hardy became friends with Horace Moule, who served Hardy as an unofficial tutor, and influenced his reading. In April of 1862, at age 22, Hardy decided to move to London, and with the help of a family friend, John Norton, got a job as an architect with Arthur Bloomfield.

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Information for patients The department of Obstetrics & gynecology looks after only women patients. Obstetrics deals with pregnancy and child birth. An obstetrician gives pre pregnancy counseling, looks after the woman and her impair during pregnancy, helps with child birth and looks after the woman for six weeks after delivery. A gynaecologist looks after women with diseases of the reproductive system. These include period problems, infections, benign tumours like fibroids and ovarian cysts and cancers.Women wanting to conceive are looked after by the Reproductive Medicine Unit which will look after the gynaecological problems of these women also. The department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology now have five units. The outpatient days and contact details of the five units are given below. OG unit 1 Gynaecology and Gynae cancer Phone No 0416 2283395 telecommunicate emailprotected ac. n OPD days Mondays & Thurdays Menopause clinic on Wednesday afternoon Faculty Dr. Abraham Peedicayil (Professor & run of the Unit) Dr. Alice George (Professor ) Dr.Rachel Chandy (Professor) Dr. Anitha Thomas (Asst. Professor) OG unit 2 Gynaecology and Urogynaecology Phone No 0416 2283397 Email emailprotected ac. in OPD days Tuesdays & Fridays Female Continence clinic on Wednesday Faculty Dr. Aruna Kekre (Professor & Head of the Unit) Dr.Lilly Varghese (Professor) OG unit 3 Obstetrics & Gynaecology Phone No 0416 2283399 Email emailprotected c. in OPD days Wednesday & Saturday Faculty Dr. Annie Regi (Professor & Head of the Unit) Dr. Jessie Lionel (Professor On leave) Dr.Elsy Thomas (Asst Professor) OG unit 4 Obstetrics Phone No 0416 2286185 Email emailprotected ac. in OPD days Tuesday & Friday Faculty Dr.Ruby Jose (Professor & Head of the Unit) Dr. Reeta Vijayaselvi (Asst Professor) OG unit 5 Obstetrics Phone No 0416 2286172 Email emailprotected ac. in OPD days Monday & Thursday Faculty Dr. Jiji Elizabeth Mathews (Professor & Head of the Unit) Dr. Bivas Biswas (Asst Professor -On leave) Special clinics run by the department Female Continence Clinic Wednesday 8. 00 am , Room 2 & 3 in OG OPD Caters to women with urinary and defaecation problems Menopause clinicwith gynaecologists and endocrinologists Caters to women after menopause Wednesday 2. 30 p. m. , Room 22 & 23 in OG OPD Perinatal Medicine Clinic Wednesday (with obstetricians, Neonatologists and geneticist) Caters to women who have had babies with birth defects, repeated abortions, still births, who are worried about these problems recurring. Wednesday 2. 00 p. m. , Room 2 in OG OPD

A Class Divided: the Effect of Discrimination in One Life Essay

The nearly interesting part of A Class Divided is when the students were tested on their knowledge on the days of when they had to wear the get and when they had it off. The test scores were higher when the collars were removed. It is amazing that discrimination can mentally affect someone academically. Discrimination is a powerful weapon that can victimize anyone, no matter where you are in the social class. My opinion on the video is that no matter what race or ethnic group you are, in that location is always a way that discrimination can affect you. I believe that although minority groups are more vulnerable to discrimination, the dominant group has a flaw in which can be discriminated by other races or ethnic groups. The most common discrimination occurs to African American people, just because of skin color. Discrimination among Asian people occurs because most people would think that all Asian people are Chinese. It is also kn experience as a class that Asian peoples eye sizes are small, which is not in every case at all. Another stereotype is that all Asian families own either a restaurant or a convenience store.Although there are a few Asian families that do own a business, most families do not have the benefit of owning one of their own. Japanese people were being harshly discriminated during World War II because of the Japanese bombing of garner Harbor. Asian people, however, did not receive as much discrimination as an African American person or a woman. African Americans were discriminated since the beginning of civilization, beginning out as slaves to a more dominant group. In the United States of America, African Americans earned their freedom after the civil war, but were still discriminated harshly. Jim swash laws were placed to limit the freedom of African Americans.Eventually, civil rights movements occurred with Martin Luther King, Jr. leading the movement. Women were also discriminated harshly in the past. Women were considered as p roperty of their husband. Human rights of women were very few, or none at all. Women were always at home cooking, cleaning, or taking care of the children. Women were not able to fully get their rights until they were able to receive their semipolitical rights. Different countries in the world granted womens suffrage at different times. New Zealand was the first country to grant women their suffrage rights in 1893, time the United States granted women their voting rights in 1920.Right now, illegal immigrants from Mexico are being discriminated because they are working for low wages. Many United States citizens are sicken at the fact that their jobs are being replaced by illegal immigrants. Also, people from the Middle East are being discriminated for the actions of the terrorist group that Osama Bin Laden found, Al Qaeda. Even though most people from the Middle East are innocent, the terrifying horrors of 9/11 scarred their lives in the world. If everyone participated in Jane Ell iots experimentation on discrimination, the world would become many steps closer to world peace.

Past Year Question Strategic Management Uitm

Jan 2012 Question 1 a) Some strategist argued that one of the most critical, and yet overlook internal carrying into action factor is a firms culture. Define organizational culture and elaborate some importance and impact of culture in strategy implementation. Apr 2011 Question 2 Discuss the three (3) stages of strategic perplexity process. Which stage in the strategic management process is most difficult? Justify your answer. Apr 2010 Question 2 inform the formal strategic management process according to David (2009).Describe the specific steps and relationships between the steps within each process. Oct 2009 Question 2 a) Compare strategy formulation with strategy implementation in terms of each being an art or science. b) Explain why organizational structure is so important in business at present? Apr 2009 Question 1 b) The strategic management process consists of three (3) main stages. Explain the atomic number 23 ( 5) components in strategy formulation process. Question 2 ) Explain any five (5) differences between strategy formulation and strategy implementation process. Oct 2008 Question 2 Successful strategy formulation does not guarantee palmy strategy implementation. Therefore many management issues require management attention to ensure the effectiveness of strategy implementation. Identify and discuss any five (5) major issues that relate to strategy implementation phase. Question 4 According to strategic management model by Fred R.David, the strategy formulation stage comprise of five (5) major steps. Identify and explain the five (5) steps in the strategy formulation process. Oct 2007 Question 1 Discuss five (5) reasons why strategy paygrade is becoming increasingly difficult with the passage of time. Oct 2006 Question 1 a) Define strategic management b) Describe the strategic management process. c) List two (2) financial benefits and two (2) nonfinancial benefits of strategic management.

Administrator Challenges

Criminal justice boldness is not a position that should be interpreted lightly given that it involves an enormous responsibility and occasionally very stressful environment. As such, people in administrative positions are expect to be ethically upright and boast fitting behavior in view of the fact that they serve as examples to their co-workers and the community.The administrators are a lot confronted with challenges in criminal justice precaution as well as challenges that are very well associated with the modern government (University of South Florida, n.d.).Todays society is continually in transition and as a result, fundamental and major changes are equally taking place in the social and economic field. In order for the criminal justice judicature to be successful, it moldiness necessarily keep pace with the changing times. It is important therefore that administrators must have an advanced analytical skill, as well as the capacity to use the aforementioned attribute in desi gning and evaluating solutions to the ever evolving challenges.Challenges of the Criminal Justice AdministrationBasic is the rule in criminal justice that serious insufficiency in the administration of justice is considered denial of justice. More often than not, breakdowns take place in the administration of criminal justice. Delay and incompetence in apprehending, decision making judicature cases and in providing appropriate correctional programs have become recognizable and unending to the system.This observable fact is not restricted to the United States alone, but it is alternatively worldwide and historical it is inherent in every judicial system, which in reality should be guarding against any injustice made to a person. The causes of delays and inefficiencies in the administration of criminal justice are profound and diverse, arising as a result of factors equally inside and outside the system (Asian Legal Information Institute).Nevertheless, it has always been the capi tal concern of every civilized society to deal with the challenge of incompetence in the system with a view to find ways of eliminating substandard and insufficiencies in the administration. judiciary AdministratorGenerally, every courtyard employs a court administrator who is placed to administer court operations including the focusing of finances and appointment of personnel. However, other than managing employees, there is much to being a court administrator.Court administrators responsibilities involves personnel management, signing of judgments and orders, fiscal responsibilities, case flow management, records management, issuing summons, and statistical analysis, in addition to designing and putting into expend inwardly the pre-existing court guidelines a number of significant procedures.Aside from managing their department and the court systems financial expenses, court administrators are also expected to make forecasts as to the future needs of the system.The court admi nistrators responsibility is one that cannot be taken without due consideration, since they are in charge for numerous responsibilities within the department. As such, they must be competent enough to think on their feet without delay.Court administrators must be capable of evaluating and interpreting the necessities of the organization, and must constantly assess the latter(prenominal)s development in order to properly determine indispensable changes. The satisfying part of being a court administrator is that the position often builds encouraging relationships with the community, co-workers and employees.In addition, the position is satisfying in view of the fact that administrators are granted with the authority to execute course of instructions of action that they believe to be advantageous to court employees as well as to the world.However, despite the fact that the role of court administrator generates numerous rewards, there are evidently several aspects which can and beque ath complicate the role. Like any other profession, there are issues that would make the court administrators work multifaceted and obviously exhausting.Issues in the areas of public relations, budgeting, meeting deadlines and on the whole encouraging people, are continually being encountered by the justice system. Consequently, because of the unremitting traditional direction of justice, many observers suggest that court administrators are becoming inefficient and ineffective in the performance their duties.Experts believe that in order to become an efficient and effective court administrator, one must have (1) proper support systems, together with case flow systems and administration information systems (2) sufficient resources, together with adequate resources for the adjustment process (3) effective procedures, maneuver and strategies, as well as an operational plan (4) an appropriate management and organizational structure (6) a set of objectives and collective vision and (6) s trong management skills (Fraser, n.d., p.6).Unfortunately, near observers believe that there are still a few court administrators these days that are deficient with some of the abovementioned requirements.Outcome of the CourseIn addition to the fact that the course enhanced my researching skills, I learned a number of additional useful knowledge, particularly on the administration and administrators of criminal justice. The course has provided me information on some challenges affecting the aforesaid administrators, aside from the issues and satisfaction associated with the position.Taken as a whole, the criminal justice administration class has helped improve my awareness of what the specific duties of the justice administrators truly are.The class has enlightened me on the large number of new opportunities as well as several long-established career opportunities in criminal justice. For that reason, I am now taking into consideration careers in the criminal justice system, espec ially in court administration.ReferencesAsian Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Criminal Justice System. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http//www.asianlii.org/pk/other/PKLJC/reports/22.htmlFraser, C. (n.d.). Modernizing Models of Court Administration A Time for Change. Canadian Institute for the Administration of Justice. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http//www.ciaj-icaj.ca/english/publications/2004/684Fraser.pdfUniversity of South Florida. (n.d.). Criminal Justice Administration. Retrieved February 6, 2009, from http//criminology.usf.edu/faculty/data/certificate_brochure.pdf

Blood Lab

Blood Lab Report Introduction A slant experiment was runed test cardinal different patients source to summon out their specific stemma fibers. Blood types are categorized in four split groups based upon the antigen ( proteins on the show up of rail line cells that can manage a response from the immune system) (Rh factor 2006) on the surface of the argument- redness profligate cell. The blood groups are A, B, AB and O, names which are disoriented down from the ABO blood group system. Although simulated blood was used for the experiment a standard blood typewriting outcome was still obtained. aft(prenominal) conducting the experiment I was able to identify each patients blood type by comparing the antigens and antibodies found within the blood. Materials and Methods phony blood, plastic slides, and antiserum were the materials used to perform this experiment. In order to specify each patients blood type it was necessary to place two drops of the simulated blood in each well on the plastic slide labeled A, B, and Rh. After dropping the blood into the specified wells the appropriate antiserum was added to determine the blood type.The ternion antiserums A, B and Rh were displace accordingly to the matching blood type on the slide, a toothpick was used to mixed the the two together, if agglutination occurred a substantiatingly charged result was indicated. If every(prenominal) three wells on the slide were without agglutination the blood type of the specific individual was identified as O. By conclude which antigens are flummox in the blood I was also able to figure out which antibodies are present. The antibodies in the blood attack the unconnected red blood cells by binding to them.For example type A blood has A antigens and B antibodies, the B antibodies are ready to attack or supplant B antigens (since those antigens would be foreign in this particular persons red blood cells). (Blood typing, 2001) Results The results of the experiment yielded four different blood types. Mr. Greens blood type is AB+, Ms. dark-brown is O-, Mr. metalworker is A+ and Mr. Jones has a B- blood type. The chart below depicts exactly how I came to these results.. Individual Antigens Antibodies Donate Receive moment present present to from blood type 1. Mr. Green A, B, Rh None AB+ universal AB+ . Ms. Brown None A, B, Rh universal O- O- 3. Mr. Smith A, Rh B A+, AB+ O+,O-,A+,A- A+ 4. Mr. Jones B A, Rh B+,B-,AB+,AB- O-,B- B- Discussion The first individual Mr. Green had antigens A, B and Rh present except no antibodies present thus concluding Mr. Green had AB+ type blood. AB+ blood can whole be donated to those with the uniform blood type except can be pass receiver of any blood type (universal recipient). The second individual tested was Ms. Brown, her tests results indicated she had no antigens present on her blood which means she has antibodies A, B, and Rh in her blood. Ms.Browns blood type is O- making her a universal giver but can only be a recipient of O- blood during a transfusion. The third individual Mr. Smith had the presence of antigens A and Rh and antibodies B within his blood. Mr. Smiths blood type is A+. People with A+ blood can only be a donor to people with A+ and AB+ blood, but can ca-ca from blood types O+, O-, A+ and A-. The fourth and last individual tested was Mr. Jones his tests concluded he has B- type blood. Those results came from finding B antigens present as well antibodies A and Rh within his blood. Mr. Jones can donate blood to people with B+, B-, AB+ and AB- blood.He is however only to receive blood from people with O- and B- blood types. Although none of the individuals tested had an O+ blood type it is considered to be the most common blood type. ( American cherry Cross) The testing was done very carefully and strategically but does not mean that the results could not yield from a possible error. Errors could have occurred from mixing to much antiserum with the respect blo od types giving a false outcome. An error could also happen from not mixing serums well enough to get agglutination leading to the shutdown that the antigen was not present in the blood.According to all the data obtained I feel each individuals blood type was identified properly and carefully utilizing all materials and methods required. Answers from questions in lab have got Based on what has been observed I think the antiserum contain antibodies against specific antigens located within the simulated blood. The blood type considered to be the universal donor is O- and the universal recipient is AB+. I believe that not all people with Rh negative blood have the antibodies for Rh positive blood but, I do think that your carcass is able to produce them when needed.A perfect example is an Rh negative cleaning lady who bring to passs pregnant with an Rh positive baby. A woman body may produce antibodies in response to the Rh positive baby. If a small aggregate of the babys blood mi xes with your blood, which often happens, your body may respond as if it were allergic to the baby. Your body may make antibodies to the Rh antigens in the babys blood. This means you have become sensitized and your antibodies can shroud the placenta and attack your babys blood. They break down the foetuss red blood cells and produce anemia (the blood has a low number of red blood cells).This condition is called haemolytic disease or hemolytic anemia. It can become severe enough to cause serious illness, brain damage, or horizontal death in the fetus or newborn. (Rh Factor 2006). The game online helped to demonstrate, even more, how important it is to be precise when figuring out someone blood type. Giving the wrong blood type to a patient during a transfusion or even surgery could lead to their death. Works Cited.. American Red Cross, . Blood types. Retrieved from HYPERLINK http//www. givelife2. org/aboutblood/bloodtypes. asp viper http//www. ivelife2. org/ aboutblood/bloodtype s. asp (2001, December 3). Blood typing. Retrieved from HYPERLINK http/nobelprize. org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore. html http//nobelprize. org/ educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore. html (2006, April). Rh factor . Retrieved from HYPERLINK http//www. americanpregnancy. org/pregnancycomplications/rhfactor. html http www. americanpregnancy. org/ pregnancycomplications/rhfactor. html VanPutte, Regan, Russo, . (2009). Seeleys essential of public figure & physiology. New York, Ny McGraw-Hill.Blood LabBlood Lab Report Introduction A blood experiment was performed testing four different patients blood to find out their specific blood types. Blood types are categorized in four blood groups based upon the antigen ( proteins on the surface of blood cells that can cause a response from the immune system) (Rh factor 2006) on the surface of the red blood cell. The blood groups are A, B, AB and O, names which are broken down from the ABO blood group system. Although simulated blood was used for the experiment a standard blood typing outcome was still obtained.After conducting the experiment I was able to identify each patients blood type by comparing the antigens and antibodies found within the blood. Materials and Methods Simulated blood, plastic slides, and antiserum were the materials used to perform this experiment. In order to specify each patients blood type it was necessary to place two drops of the simulated blood in each well on the plastic slide labeled A, B, and Rh. After dropping the blood into the specified wells the appropriate antiserum was added to determine the blood type.The three antiserums A, B and Rh were placed accordingly to the matching blood type on the slide, a toothpick was used to mixed the the two together, if agglutination occurred a positive result was indicated. If all three wells on the slide were without agglutination the blood type of the specific individual was identified as O. By concluding which antigens a re present in the blood I was also able to figure out which antibodies are present. The antibodies in the blood attack the foreign red blood cells by binding to them.For example type A blood has A antigens and B antibodies, the B antibodies are ready to attack or destroy B antigens (since those antigens would be foreign in this particular persons red blood cells). (Blood typing, 2001) Results The results of the experiment yielded four different blood types. Mr. Greens blood type is AB+, Ms. Brown is O-, Mr. Smith is A+ and Mr. Jones has a B- blood type. The chart below depicts exactly how I came to these results.. Individual Antigens Antibodies Donate Receive Outcome present present to from blood type 1. Mr. Green A, B, Rh None AB+ universal AB+ . Ms. Brown None A, B, Rh universal O- O- 3. Mr. Smith A, Rh B A+, AB+ O+,O-,A+,A- A+ 4. Mr. Jones B A, Rh B+,B-,AB+,AB- O-,B- B- Discussion The first individual Mr. Green had antigens A, B and Rh present but no antibodies present thus concl uding Mr. Green had AB+ type blood. AB+ blood can only be donated to those with the same blood type but can be recipient of any blood type (universal recipient). The second individual tested was Ms. Brown, her tests results indicated she had no antigens present on her blood which means she has antibodies A, B, and Rh in her blood. Ms.Browns blood type is O- making her a universal donor but can only be a recipient of O- blood during a transfusion. The third individual Mr. Smith had the presence of antigens A and Rh and antibodies B within his blood. Mr. Smiths blood type is A+. People with A+ blood can only be a donor to people with A+ and AB+ blood, but can receive from blood types O+, O-, A+ and A-. The fourth and last individual tested was Mr. Jones his tests concluded he has B- type blood. Those results came from finding B antigens present as well antibodies A and Rh within his blood. Mr. Jones can donate blood to people with B+, B-, AB+ and AB- blood.He is however only to receiv e blood from people with O- and B- blood types. Although none of the individuals tested had an O+ blood type it is considered to be the most common blood type. ( American Red Cross) The testing was done very carefully and strategically but does not mean that the results could not yield from a possible error. Errors could have occurred from mixing to much antiserum with the respected blood types giving a false outcome. An error could also happen from not mixing serums well enough to get agglutination leading to the conclusion that the antigen was not present in the blood.According to all the data obtained I feel each individuals blood type was identified properly and carefully utilizing all materials and methods required. Answers from questions in lab book Based on what has been observed I think the antiserum contain antibodies against specific antigens located within the simulated blood. The blood type considered to be the universal donor is O- and the universal recipient is AB+. I believe that not all people with Rh negative blood have the antibodies for Rh positive blood but, I do think that your body is able to produce them when needed.A perfect example is an Rh negative woman who becomes pregnant with an Rh positive baby. A woman body may produce antibodies in response to the Rh positive baby. If a small amount of the babys blood mixes with your blood, which often happens, your body may respond as if it were allergic to the baby. Your body may make antibodies to the Rh antigens in the babys blood. This means you have become sensitized and your antibodies can cross the placenta and attack your babys blood. They break down the fetuss red blood cells and produce anemia (the blood has a low number of red blood cells).This condition is called hemolytic disease or hemolytic anemia. It can become severe enough to cause serious illness, brain damage, or even death in the fetus or newborn. (Rh Factor 2006). The game online helped to demonstrate, even more, how imp ortant it is to be precise when figuring out someone blood type. Giving the wrong blood type to a patient during a transfusion or even surgery could lead to their death. Works Cited.. American Red Cross, . Blood types. Retrieved from HYPERLINK http//www. givelife2. org/aboutblood/bloodtypes. asp http//www. ivelife2. org/ aboutblood/bloodtypes. asp (2001, December 3). Blood typing. Retrieved from HYPERLINK http/nobelprize. org/educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore. html http//nobelprize. org/ educational_games/medicine/landsteiner/readmore. html (2006, April). Rh factor . Retrieved from HYPERLINK http//www. americanpregnancy. org/pregnancycomplications/rhfactor. html http www. americanpregnancy. org/ pregnancycomplications/rhfactor. html VanPutte, Regan, Russo, . (2009). Seeleys essential of anatomy & physiology. New York, Ny McGraw-Hill.

Should Smoking be banned in all public places?

Smoking came to Britain Should in the 1600s but only started to become fashionable in the nineteen sixties and seventies. The main attraction to take came from the idolisation of pop-stars and supermodels that sightd, but did non know the risks. Today we do know the risks, so why do so many still smoke? mavin reason is that many people who smoke started when they were young teen advancers, when they did not understand the risks associated. Instead, their only aim was to have the right look. Others may have been driven by the desire to appear older. Teenagers may in addition have started to smoke due to the influence of peer pressure. Statistically, not many people begin smoking at a later age. Usually the reason behind starting to smoke as an adult is due to work related to pressure or hardly stress. Statistically, there is a greater percentage of women smoke than men this is due to using smoking as a slimming aid.Hundreds of people die from smoke related diseases each year. Deaths caused by smoking are six times higher than the 20,170 deaths arising from road accidents (3,444) poisoning and overdose (2,663) other accidental deaths (8,986) murder and manslaughter (503) suicide (4,379) and human immunodeficiency virus infection (195) in the UK during 1998.World-wide, about 4 zillion die prematurely each year as a result of smoking. Smoking has more than 50 ways of making life a misery through illness and more than 20 ways of killing you. In general, smokers endure poorer health than non-smokers. It has been estimated that, in England, 284,000 patients are admitted to NHS hospitals each year due to disease caused by smoking, occupying an average of 9,500 hospital beds every day. In addition, smoking related illness accounts for 8 million consultations with GPs and over 7 million prescriptions each year.The most common cause of death through smoking is lung crabby person this is when tar builds up within the lungs stopping them from functioning properly . So why should non-smokers smoke this fatal smoke? It is said in one year passive smoking was found to be associate to more than 1,000 deaths in London from coronary heart disease. Passive smoking is the inhaling of smoke from other smokers. Roy Castle is an example of someone who died from passive smoke. He died of lung cancer through the inhaling of smoke whilst playing his trumpet in a nightclub, yet he never smoked himself.From hearing this information of passive smoking, should smoking be evictned in world places? The government in capital of Singapore has already made that decision. Smoking in Singapore is banned in all open places smokers are forced to use especially built rooms with huge extractor fans to stop the smoke getting out. This is quite extreme however Singapore is clearly helping others stay healthy. My personal feeling is that smoking shouldnt be banned from all places, but I do feel there should be designated areas for smokers and non-smokers. I believe th at non-smokers have the right to sit in a non-smoking area to avoid inhaling smoke of others, they should not have to put up with the whole step or health risk smoking contains.Currently, one debate focuses on smoking in the work place. Many companies are eradicating smoking in their offices and also some are choosing non-smokers over qualified smoking candidates. Also companies are considering to force their smoking employees pay for additional health insurance. I agree with this as companies should not pay the costs of someones habit, as smokers are fully aware of the cost of their habit both health wise and financially, they should pay the cost not others.Looking from a smokers perspective, the following points should be taken into consideration. A public ban on smoking is a removal of choice in an age that seeks to empower the individual. Smokers are not purposely trying to make non-smokers lives a misery, many smoke outside for the convenience of those who do not want to inhal e the smoke fumes. Restaurants, public-transport facilities and shopping centres are predominantly smoke free. There are only a handful of areas in which people are free to smoke, including uprise and nightclubs.One may also look at car fumes as being a similar problem to smoking fumes. Cars produce noisome Carbon Monoxide fumes which are consumed by individuals rather than the driver of the car. In the same sense should cars be banned from public places because they also produce evil fumes? This point can also be said of alcohol and factory fumes, both of these either are harmful to the environment or someones health. expression in mind that smoking is an addiction, it is important not to isolate smokers. People who smoke shouldnt be made to feel like social outcasts, so prep should be made to cater for them. No pocket of society should be excluded this could be paralleled to the Jews in Germany.In other continents for example Spain, smoking in public places is not frowned upo n. There are no restrictions on where you can and cannot smoke. This shows that smoking in public places has already been dealt with in this country to an extent that smokers are seldomley pain in the neck the non-smoking public. Restrictions in the U.K already seem extreme in comparison to other countries and if restrictions become any worse, we might be excluding tourists as well as British smokers to our society.Some people only smoke socially on weekends, it de-stresses people and is a stimulant which encourages conversation (where alcohol is a depressant). If there is a ban on smoking in all public places, pubs and nightclubs would lose most of their profit. People would not want to go out if they were not able to smoke socially.Passive smoking is inconclusive evidence we can not prove that inhaling others smoke is in fact harmful. So passive smoking might not cause all non-smokers health problems.In conclusion I dont think smoking should be banned in all public places, as tha t would exclude smokers in our society however I do believe more designated smoking areas should be introduced especially in pubs and nightclubs. In todays society were acceptance and compromise are two key principles, exclusion of any sub group would seem to go against the grain of social thinking.

Defining the Purpose of Education

I believe the purpose of education is to provide children with a roomy range of acknowledgeledge that go out lead them into the future. The journey through education should be an enjoyable experience that they will always remember. The more fun a child has learning the more they will want to learn and the more they will want to be in the classroom. Students should be provided with an environment that is bright, happy, uplifting, and most importantly safe. Students should intuitive feeling like their classroom is the safest identify for them to be.Teachers should make real that the classroom is equipped with entirely the essential safety materials. Teachers should set safety rules for the students and make sure they are always followed, to keep physical harm in the classroom from happening. Accidents do happen, so both teachers and students should know what to do incase of an emergency. Students should also feel mentally and emotionally safe. Students should not be afraid to a nswer a question, express ideas and opinions, or present a project.The teacher should provide the child with authorization to express his or her opinion with out being ridiculed by others. I believe that students should have fun while in the classroom. School is a place where many children make their friends and playmates. Students enjoy doing things with their peers, so I believe that working in groups is a great way to let students individual intelligences add to someone elses ideas so they end up learning from one another. Its a great way for students to accept their peers ideas and incorporate all(prenominal)ones ideas in to one finished project.I also believe that children learn though playing. This especially is true for pre-school and kindergarteners. There should be activities in the classroom that caters to every students different interests. Such activities center around art, books, music, building blocks, kitchen sets, computers, science activities, sand and water, and toys that will be familiar to them like the ones they would have at pedestal. Through these activities and subjects that are focused on, students should leave the classroom with new knowledge everyday.Teachers should set rules for the classroom to keep the class in order. The student should know the rules on the first day of class and follow them everyday throughout the year. If a rule is broken, the student must face the consequences. This goes for homework assignments also. A child should know when homework assignments are do and if they are not turned in on time they will not be able to turn them in. It is the teachers responsibility to have control over the classroom and be in charge.It is also the teachers responsibility to make sure all of the students are learning the set curriculum. Assessment will be given sporadically to make sure that the students are learning what is being taught and that they are on the same level as everyone else. Assessments can be oral or written to test the students skills. Progress reports should be sent home regularly to let parents know the students strengths and weaknesses. Parents should be encouraged to work with the children at home on the subject that the child is having trouble with.I hope that my students will remember my classroom and take along the lessons they have learned and use them throughout their lives. Teaching to me is the most rewarding occupation. Teaching children information that can touch on their lives forever and to be able to reward them for the accomplishments is going to be the most fulfilling experience that I may ever experience in this life time. I hope that students walk out of my classroom satisfied with themselves and what they have learned in my class.

Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent

Sculpture in the Indian subcontinent From Wisped, the free encyclopedia P inventionistry of a series on the Culture of India History People Languages Mythology and folkloreshow Cuisine Festivals Religion Artshow Literatureshow Music and per traffic patterning artsshow Mediashow Sport Monumentsshow Symbolsshow Culture hepatic portal vein India portal Bronze Vishnu Gain figure of Thirthankarasuparshvanath, 14th century, marble One of the world-class representations of the Buddha, origin-2nd century CE, Kandahar The commencement exercise known sculpture in the Indian subcontinent is from the Indus Valley ac madnessuration (3300-1700 SC), found in sites at Enjoy-dare and harp in newfangled- ay Pakistan. These include the famous delicate bronze female dancer.However such figures in bronze and rock n roll are rare and greatly outnumbered by pottery figurines and precious stone seals, often of animals or deities very delicately depicted. After the collapse of the Indus Valley civilization there is little record of sculpture until the Buddhist era, away from a hoard of copper figures of (somewhat controversially) c. 1500 BCC from Diamond. l Thus the great usance of Indian monumental sculpture in stone appears to begin relatively late, with the reign of Soak from 270 to 232 BCC, and he Pillars of Shook he erected around India, carrying his edicts and overstep by famous sculptures of animals, roughlyly lions, of which six survive. 2 Large amounts of figurative sculpture, close toly in relief, survive from wee Buddhist pilgrimage status, above all Ashcan these probably developed out of a tradition using wood that also embraced Hindooism. 3 During the 2nd to 1st century BCC in far Union India, in the Greece-Buddhist art of Kandahar from what is now southern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan, sculptures became more explicit, representing episodes of the Buddha life and teachings. Although India had a long sculptural tradition and a mastery of rich ico nography, the Buddha was never represented in human form before this time, merely only through some of his symbols. This may be because Ghanaian Buddhist sculpture in modern Afghanistan displays Greek and Persian artistic influence.Artistically, the Ghanaian school of sculpture is said to have contributed wax. Y hair, curtain covering both shoulders, shoes and sandals, acanthus leaf decorations, etc. The pink sandstone Hindu, Gain and Buddhist sculptures of Mature from the 1st to 3rd centuries CE fleeted both native Indian traditions and the Western influences received through the Greece-Buddhist art of Kandahar, and efficaciously established the basis for subsequent Indian religious sculpture. 4 The style was developed and diffused through most of India under the Guppy Empire (c. Which remains a classical period for Indian sculpture, covering the antecedent Lealer Caves,5 though the Elephant Caves are probably slightly later. 6 Later large scale sculpture remains well-nigh excl usively religious, and generally rather conservative, often reverting to simple power point-on standing poses for deities, though the meeter spirits such as papayas and yaks often have sensuously curving poses. Carving is often super detailed, with an intricate backing behind the main figure in high relief. The celebrated bronzes of the Chula dynasty (c. 850-1250) Portsmouth India, many knowing to be carried in processions, include the iconic form of Shiva as Natural, 7 with the massive granite carvings of Manipulator dating from the previous Papilla dynasty. 8 The spring girl of Enjoy Dare, 3rd millennium BCC (replica) Shook Pillar, Visalia, Briar, c. 50 BCC beat gateway at Ashcan, c. 100 CE or perhaps earlier, with densely jam-packed relief Hindu Guppy terracotta relief, 5th century CE, of Krishna Killing the Horse Demon Skies Buddha from Sarans, 5-6th century CE Hindu, Chula period, railway yard stain Sculpture of female yaks in typical curving pose, c. 1450, Restaurants The Colossal tritium at the Elephant Caves Typical medieval frontal standing statue falloffs, 950-1150 In Khartoum Rock-cut temples at Lealer Copular of the Tail Natural Temple, Catamaran, Tamil Undue, densely packed with rows of painted statues Contents hide 1 Greece-Buddhist art 2 See also 3 Gallery 4 Notes 5 References 6 Further readingGreece-Buddhist artedit source I editable Greece-Buddhist art is the artistic manifestation of Greece-Buddhism, a ethnic synthetics between the Classical Greek culture and Buddhism, which developed over a period of close to 1000 years in Central Asia, between the conquests of Alexander the Great in the 4th century BCC, and the Islamic conquests of the 7th century CE. Greece-Buddhist art is characterized by the strong idealistic realism of Hellenic art and the first representations of the Buddha in human form, which have helped define the artistic (and particularly, sculptural) canon for Buddhist art throughout the Asian continent up to the prese nt. Though dating is uncertain, it appears that strongly Hellenic styles lingered in the East for several centuries by and by they had declined around the Mediterranean, as late as the 5th century CE.Some aspects of Greek art were adopted era others did not spread beyond the Greece- Buddhist area in particular the standing figure, often with a relaxed pose and one leg flexed, and the flying cupids or victories, who became popular across Asia as papayas. Greek leaf decoration was also influential, with Indian versions of the Corinthian capital appearing. 9 The origins of Greece-Buddhist art are to be found in the Hellenic Greece-Bacteria kingdom (250 BCC 130 BCC), located in todays Afghanistan, from which Hellenic culture radiated into the Indian subcontinent with the establishment of the small Indo-Greek kingdom (180 BCC-II BCC).Under the Indo-Greeks and so the Khans, the interaction of Greek and Buddhist culture flourished in the area of Kandahar, in todays northern Pakistan, before spreading further into India, influencing the art of Mature, and then the Hindu art of the Guppy empire, which was to extend to the rilievo of South-East Asia. The influence of Greece-Buddhist art also spread northward towards Central Asia, strongly affecting the art of the Atari Basin and the Dunging Caves, and ultimately the sculpted figure in China, Korea, and Japan. 10 Kandahar frieze with devotees, hallucinating leaves, in purely Hellenic style, inside(a) Corinthian columns, 1st-2nd century CE. Bunker, Swat, Pakistan. Victoria and Albert Museum Fragment of the wind god Borers, Haddam,Afghanistan.Coin of Demerits I of Bacteria, who reigned circa 200-180 BC and invaded Northern India Buddha head from Haddam, Afghanistan, 3rd-4th centuries Kandahar Poseidon (Ancient Orient Museum) The Buddhist gods Pancake (left) and Harriet(right), 3rd century, Kandahar Taller Buddha of Banyan, c. 547 AD. , in 1963 and in 2008 after they were dynamited and destroyed in skirt 2001 by the Taliban Statue from a Buddhist monastery 700 AD,Afghanistan See alsoedit source I editable Sculptures of Bangladesh Galleryedit source I editable Marble stone work, Jailers Gain Temple,Restaurants Seated Changes, sandstone sculpture from Restaurants, India, 9th century, Honolulu Academy of Arts yellow sandstone Sculpture of a standing(a) deity,11 the century CE,RestaurantsAsia and Africa Indian sculpture Buddhist sculpture Fife and Benign atomic number 63 Renaissance in Europe Baroque 18th century Africa and Oceania To be completed HISTORY OF SCULPTURE Timeline More Sharing practical Share on backlasher on milkshake on forefathers on print World Cities Discover in a free daily email todays famous history and birthdays Enjoy the Famous Daily Indian sculpture from the 3rd century BC The lively traditions of Indian sculpture date back to the first Indian empire, that of the Marry dynasty. Sculptors begin to carve characters and scenes from the stories of Indians three interconnected animism. Religions -Hinduism, Bud deism and to a lesser extent Read morehttp//www. Historically. Net/worlds/Plenipotentiaries. Asp?Paragraphed=tidbits sculpture 5th 6th century AD Buddhism moves out of India and into Afghanistan (where the two great rock-carved Buddha of Banyan, from the 6th century, reveal the influence Afghanistan until destroyed by Taliban in 2001). It then continues east along thesis Arrowheads China. Paragraphed=edgeixzz2c6zKdbCoForms Of Sculptures In India Indian sculptures of numerous sorts have evolved gradually. Since pre-historic era, the sculptures are habitual soaring new dimensions on India. Indian sculptures offer a truly diverse strain. The creation of sculptures aimed at fabrication of an undying piece of art which is long-lasting.As the sculptures of India Journeyed various eras and witnessed various dynasties, there is a vast variety seen among them in terms of styles and materials used. Sculptures of the Indus Valley The story of Indian art and sculpture dates back to the Indus valley civilization of the 2nd and 3rd millennium BC. Tiny terra-cotta seals discovered from the valley reveal carvings of appeal leaves, deities and animals. These elemental shapes of stones or seals were enshrined and worshipped by the people of the civilization. Two other objects that were excavated from the ruins of the Indus valley indicate the level of achievement that Indian art had attained in those days. The bust of a priest in limestone and a bronze dancing girl show tremendous sophistication and artistry.In the 1st century AD, the position changed somewhat radically in art and sculpture. The human figure replaced the symbolic representation of Buddha and his teachings. Though Buddha opposed the idea of idol worship, his cult image was established and became essential for acts of worship. The Mature and the Kandahar schools of sculpture imparted human form to Buddha image. To emphasis his divinity, this human form was depicted with featur es like a halo around the head, the drachmas engraved upon his palms and soles of his feet, and the lion throne representing his royal ancestry. These proterozoic stone images of Buddha are awe-inspiring in terms of size and magnificence.The link between dance, drama, literature and art became crucial to aesthetic expressionism in centuries to come. This new era in art and sculpture witnessed a uncomparable fusion, a synthesis embodied in the caves at Junta and Lealer and the temples of central and South India. Located north-east of Bombay, near Arranged, Junta and Lealer are two astonishing series of temples ca centuries. Khartoum out of living(a) rock over the course of fourteen The tranquil town of Khartoum, in the central state of Madhya Pradesh boasts of the outdo medieval temples in India, known all over the world for their erotic sculptures. These glorious temples are the states most famous attraction.Amid green lawns and brilliant pink flowers is a complex of temples, g lowing with the armor of sandstone and ornamented with the sinuous curves of sculpture unparalleled in their beauty. Out of the 85 temples built originally, only 22 survive today. These temples were created by the cd rulers in the Indo-Aryan style. Elephant Caves The most profound aspect of the mighty Shiva is in evidence at the Shiva temple in the Elephant caves. Situated near Bombay, these caves present an introduction to some most exquisitely carved temples. One can witness a symphony in stone in approval of Lord Shiva, created by Indians expert stone carvers of the sixth century.

Geography Synoptic Essay

With reference to standards, assess the degree to which the level of economic development of a rude affects planning and wariness in urban argonas. The economic development of a coun analyse grass be defined as the growth of industry, wealth, oeuvre and the level of urbanisation. The planning and management issues that atomic number 18 linked to economic development, are those associated with processes such as urbanisation, suburbanisation and counter-urbanisation of cities. These may overwhelm pollution of peeing, air and noise.Other issues may be the annex in tape drive and waste, created by multitude biography, blend inling through and working in urban areas. These chores consume solutions, which often surpasss to planning and carrying out redevelopment of urban areas. The effects of urbanisation on a metropolis can be seen in Sao Paolo, a newly industrialised sylvan in brazil nut where house improvement schemes are evident. Further oft we can see issues of pla nning and management in the UK, a more than(prenominal) economic wholey developed rustic, cod to increasing re-urbanisation and suburbanisation.Using these 2 counties of different levels of development, I will be satis factor iny to eventually assess to what extent the level of economic development will affect planning and management of cities. Urbanisation (the fall uponment of community from rural to built-up areas) in Sao Paolo is increasing rapidly. Being the largest metropolis in the southern-hemisphere, with a universe density of 21,000km2, it is constantly growing in size. However the rate of increase is slowing, along with the decrease rural-urban migration and natural increase rates.The population of central areas is also decreasing a pattern that mirrors that of cities in more affluent parts of the world. The city was initially increasing in size because it was a centre of farming, with exports including coffee and cotton. The city continues to develop today as a n industrial centre with manufacturing and services. These industries offer reliable employment to people financial support in rural areas where the main industry of agriculture is unreliable. Another pull factor is its temperate climate in comparison to the tropical low-lands surrounding it.The huge population means that genial provisions are of a much high quality, including education and healthcare. However this movement of people into the city brings its problems, mostly in the variation of quality of life. Although a prosperous city, it does have the highest unemployment rate in Brazil at 5. 3% in August 2012. The contrast between rich and poor is very extreme. A survey of living standards carried out in cc2 revealed that HDI indexes for Sao Paulo varied from the Portuguese national average to Sierra Leones (the worlds poorest country. This is reflected by the housing available in the city, from condominiums (luxury housing blocks), to corticos (inner-city dilapidated accomm odation) and favelas (illegal slums. ) It was estimated that the sub-standard housing occupies 705? of Sao Paolo, and that 605? of population growth in recent years, has gone straight to the favelas. Not only are these areas unsightly and extremely over-populated at 100,000? , absolute meagerness is present. The services and infrastructure are inadequate, with little running water, drainage or combat collection and many open sewers causing diseases like cholera and dysentery.Many are unemployed and try to find work in the informal section of the economy. The pollution in the city is high, with 255? of Brazils vehicles circulating Sao Paolo. However, improvements are being made air quality is improving with the reduction of sulphur dioxide and lead levels, although ozone and carbon monoxide are simmer down of concern. $1 million is spent each day on trumpery collection and with only 2 landfill sites in 2001, in that respect isnt enough space for all the rubbish created. However , urbanisation is decreasing and urban regeneration is taking place to improve living conditions for those already living there.Housing improvement schemes are aiding the regeneration of the city. Favelas have been the main target since 1990, when the city- funded community groups allowed families to renovate their existing homes to take on electricity. Despite great publicity only 8000 houses were built, which would on average house 40,000 people (in comparison to the 100,000 living in the favelas. ) Improvements have been attempted since, for example in 2000, when investment was put into Santo Andre. The aim was to alleviate privation by providing work for entrepreneurs, community healthcare workers and literacy programmes.So although this is an LEDC/RIC, it still faces overpopulation problems it does seem that the planning and management changes are aiding the over-population problem and improving the overall quality of life. In contrast Notting Hill is in the UK, an economical ly developed country with an average GDP (ppp) per capita of $35,494 in comparison to $11,719 in Brazil (World Bank 2011). Notting Hil is an area of Lon weary, an example of re-urbanisation when people move into the city centre or inner city due to regeneration.Gentrification is what has happened in Notting Hill, as individuals go into old housing that was formerly in a state of despair and refurbished and improved it. This changed the composition of the entirely neighbourhood, because the affluent newcomers displaced the low-income groups that formerly lived there. Often the new comers work in professional or managerial jobs. A positive outcome of this is that more affluent people have been attracted to the area and therefore their purchasing proponent is much greater.This means that some house prices now rival those of upmarket Mayfair, but it has meant that the area has make out more prosperous. The demand for services to meet the needs of these new-comers has meant new bars and restaurants and services of a higher status. In turn this brings employment to the area for those in design, building, decoration etc. Not only is this a hotspot for people such as Stella McCartney, but it is also a popular area for families. there are parks and communal gardens making the area extremely desired to those who can afford it.The lease Notting Hill gave the area huge amounts of publicity, despite the fact that gentrification was well established by this time. There are lots of well known and expensive restaurants that line the streets to accommodate the affluent people coming to the area. These include The Westbourne Pub, the Lazy Daisy Cafe and the Goulbourne Road Area. However, there are negative impacts unfortunately those who lived here before the gentrification are finding it increasingly difficult to either buy houses or afford the living costs of the ones they already own/ rent the average house price is ? ,320,599. This also means that private rentals ar e start to decline, as more and more properties are purchased. Furthermore the friction between residents and newcomers can cause hatred to increase (seen during the 1976 riots. ) An article in the Daily Telegraph by Ross Clark revealed, Parts of Notting Hill are still run-down and given over to crime. However in general it is clear the Notting Hill is a very desirable area for the people who have sufficient income to live there.Transport has also been managed in Notting Hill, and this year (2012) the Metropolitan practice of law would like to restrict the use of roads in specified safety zones by both vehicles and pedestrians which in turn would reduce pollution from cars and overcrowding of people. Also London has the famous congestion charge which has recently been panoptic to Notting Hill at ? 8 on the day or ? 10 on the day, once again reducing pollution and congestion. Equally this area has a tube station and many bus send offs, facilitating travel during the ban of ca rs, and reducing carbon emissions per person.Waste is also heavily managed in this area with Monash Waste Transfer and cycle which is managed by the City Council. Not only can people dispose of waste and stop it littering and polluting the water and streets, but it also gives residents a chance to recycle, reducing the amount put into landfill, and reducing the amount of nonrenewable resources we use. Equally in the U. K. the opposite is also happening with counter-urbanisation, where people migrate to rural areas, often leap-frogging the special K belt to get away from the pollution and crime that cities are famous for.This is often families who increase the prolificacy of an area but unfortunately this means they work in professional or managerial jobs which requires transport links to the city, and services for the whole family within the rural area. For example Crosby in the isle of Man. The A1 commuter route has been extended, which although facilitating travel, may also i ncrease congestion and pollution towards the rural area, which almost defeats the point of clean and nonbelligerent living. In addition modern facilities are in demand from the families extentions, garages etc. A perfect example being the Eyreton Barn Conversions. However, this would provide work for the construction industry within the village, benefiting the local economy. However, the addiction of all these services, including a refurbished play park and BMX track, although necessary for recreation of young people within the village, are arguably expanding what should be a centre of agriculture.Expansion can also be seen in Ballawattleworth Estate, Peel in the Isle of Man where people are moving from the centre of the city to the outskirts (suburbanisation. ) Once again this has meant the increase in the building of schools. At the Queen Elizabeth II high school a new dining room, classrooms and KS5 accomplishment Centre have been necessary to cater for the increased intake of pupils as more people move to the area. When comparing LEDCs and MDCs it is vital to take into account other, wider issues.For example LEDCs may have more natural disasters and slight revenue to deal with them. In Brazil between 1980 and 2010 there were 146 natural disasters and over 4000 people killed in the UK there have been 67 with only 751 killed. Therefore planning and managing an urban area which is more prone to natural disaster is going to pose far more problems socially, economically, environmentally and politically. Not only is it more difficult, but the country as a whole cant afford the damage so has to seek aid from other countries.A lot of natural disasters are also weather related, for example the floods in Brazil, due to the tropical climate. Located right next to the equator, it is a perfect target for tropical down-pours as the rising condensation comes straight down again as precipitation. Furthermore pollution is a much larger issue in Sao Paolo due to the fave las with open sewers in the UK clean drinking water and bathymetry mean that pollution isnt an issue. Finally, the health issues created in the favelas mean that healthcare is needed for more people than in the U. K.This is economically counter-productive for the city as paying more health-care for residents also means less funds available for improvement of the areas that need it. Whereas in the U. K. the NHS means healthcare is free, although diseases such as cholera dont need treatment as working sewers are something we already have. In conclusion, I take it is true that the level of economic development has an impact on planning and management issues. If a country such as Brazil had more money then they would be able to combat poverty and sanitation by demolishing the favelas.As an MDC we do have the funding to lessen the issues, but in 200 years time Sao Paolo will have developed demographically and moved to stage 4 of the DTM. With a sulky increase or stable population the y may find regenerating much easier, as there will be less people to cater for. Notting Hill expanded during the 19th and 20th Centuries due to rural to urban migration and by the 1950s slum conditions affected the area and poverty took hold much like the current state of Sao Paolo. Gentrification and re- urbanisation may occur here too when and if the economy can support it.

Neurosis and a Psychosis Essay

A major part of clinical psychology is the diagnoses and treatment of mental disorders. This toilette oftentimes be difficult and controversial due to the fact that numerous of the disorders female genitals be confused with others in that respect arnt unceasingly clear guidelines in which to follow. An eccentric of this confusion can be seen in the disorders psychoneurosis and Psychosis. Neither neurosis nor psychoses appear as major categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of amiable Disorders (DSM-III). The main reason for this is that both categories were fairly broad and included a number of mental disorders with instead dissimilar symptoms. Consequently, mental health professionals did not always agree on the diagnosis for a finical patient. Neurosis is a functional (Psychogenic) disorder consisting of a symptom or symptoms nominated, though usu all in ally unbeknown(predicate) to the patient, by a mental disorder. The four commonest be Anxiety State, R eactive Depression, Hysteria and Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis. We all know what it is to feel animated. Anxiety becomes ab usual when it is place of all proportion to the cause, or when it continues long later on the cause has been removed.Patients with other mental illnesses often feel anxious from time to time, but the term disquiet neurosis is used to describe the illness in which anxiety is the main feature and the patient feels anxious all the time. Reactive Depression is a form of depression where the cause is known i.e. marriage break-up or bereavement. Reactive depression can be classed as a neurosis as it is an exaggeration of the normal expected response to such situations. In medical language the word Hysteria is used to baseborn that a symptom is beyond the patients control. If I contract to take an examination tomorrow and to get let out of it I ring up and say that I cannot attend because I am going to the dentist, I am malingering. I am kinda deliberately tel ling a lie to get out of taking the examination. But if, on the morning of the examination, I wakeup with a raging odontalgia although on that point is nothing wrong with my tooth, this is hysteria. on that point is nothing wrong, but the pain is genuine. I am quite truly incapable of sitting the examination. The symptom is out of my conscious control and has become hysterical.Hysterical symptoms always serve to get us out of some unpleasant situation, to gain us some advantage, or to solve some conflict for us. People in whom hysterical symptoms be so pronounced that they can no longer lead a normal life are said to be twinge from hysteria. Some commonwealth will not walk under a ladder a hardly a(prenominal) would be really worried if you asked them to do so. They are obsessed by the public opinion that it is unlucky. Some multitude feel compelled to throw spilt salt over their shoulders. If a person is obsessed by a thought to such an extent, or compelled to perform cer tain actions so frequently that he/she is otiose to lead a normal life he/she is hurt from obsessive-compulsive neurosis. The obsessions and compulsions take many different forms. The patient knows that they are unreasonable but are unable to control them. One of the well-nigh common compulsions is the need to swish time and time again another is extreme tidiness.The one thing all of the above disorders have got in common is that all arise from external factors. So a neurosis occurs when the mind is impact by factors arising in the environment. A psychosis however, differs in that it is a mental illness arising in the mind itself. The psychosis can be divided into those in which physical disease plays a major part and those in which it does not. These subdivisions are called organic psychosis and functional psychosis. Dementia and Infective-exhaustive psychosis are the main organic psychoses. The main functional psychoses are schizophrenic psychosis and Manic-depressive psycho sis. Dementia is the mental illness associated with decay or deterioration of the brain. It usually occurs in people over 60, but occasionally earlier. In old people it is called senile monomania. Most people yield off their faculties quite well, but sometimes the brain ages and becomes diseased while the body remains comparatively healthy.The symptoms of dementia are those popularly known as second child-hood. The patient forgets the immediate past but remembers his archean life clear. He doesnt recognize people he knows well, frequently forgets where he has put things, doesnt know where he is or what day it is. Small changes in his routine make him confused. He is unable to grasp any new ideas. Sometimes he is extremely obstinate and at others quitedocile. sensible illnesses, which are accompanied by infection or exhaustion sometimes, give rise to mental symptoms. The approximately common is puerperal septicaemia or infection following childbirth. Others are pneumonia, infl uenza, tuberculosis, cancer and sometimes diseases of the neuronic system. The patient is restless, sleeps little and when he does he has vivid dreams which he believes are real. He cannot think clearly and does not know what is going on. He sees and hears what is not there, may lose his memory and is often irrational and noisy. He lives half in this world and half in a dream world. Schizophrenia is the most common of the psychosis and the most difficult to understand.There are different types of schizophrenia and symptoms may vary from existence moody and difficult to the most bizarre thoughts and actions. The patient may hear voices and see things that are not there. This is called being hallucinated. He thinks in a way that is incomprehensible to normal people. He may hold beliefs, which to ordinary people around him are quite unt alter, such as that his arms are stuffed with cotton fiber wool. Such beliefs are called delusions. He often thinks that everything that happens re fers to him and that other people are conspiring against him. He is sometimes indifferent or stuporose and is given to acting suddenly, without warning. The popular term split mind, although not accurate, may have come from the way in which these patients will laugh as they describe some dreadful calamity which they believe has just taken place, as if there emotions had been split off and no longer worked in harmony with their thoughts.Manic-Depressive psychosis, a type of mental disorder which alternates between phases of excitement and phases of depression. Often there are periods between these phases of complete normality. These are just a few of the disorders covered by neurosis and psychosis. One thing that can be noticed is the fact that all of the neurosis are caused by external environmental factors whilst all the psychosis are caused by. Another divergence that has been noted is that many people suffering from a neurosis are able to accept that they have a mental illness whilst with a psychosis the patient believes that they are normal and cannot separate reality and fantasy.There are also differences in the symptoms of these disorders. mental case patients show exaggerated responses to events around them. These events are real and many people would react in a similar fashion just not to such an extent as the neurotic patient when insuch a situation. The insane however, responds primarily to events that are not there, imaginary situations or hallucinations or voices. An example of this can be seen here, NormalSo Roberts got the job? Oh well, I suppose my face just didnt fit.NeuroticIts always the same. Jealous Thats what they are. I should have been promoted long ago, but there just determined to see I dont get on. They gang up against me to each one time.PsychoticThe government knows I have the secret formula, which will split the earth in two. Their agents are following me everywhere. Youre one of them you cant fool me. The neurotic believes so mething that is possible, but not probable. The psychotic believes something that is quite impossible. The differences between these two disorders, neurosis and psychosis, may appear small but they can foster in the diagnoses and treatment of patients. It can be very difficult to treat a patient when the cause of their illness is unknown or when the illness itself is difficult to understand. It is for this reason that mental health professionals need to reason mental disorders as clearly and concisely as possible.The DSM-III dropped the entries of neurosis and psychosis and split them down into subdivisions to try to enable bettor diagnosis but there is still confusion as to the differences between neurosis and psychosis. There is not only a difference between the two but also a difference in each individual case. Different things effect people in different ways and many people although share the same illness have completely different symptoms. Every case should be looked at indi vidually and treated as such. Instead of looking for the best treatment for neurosis, it would be better to look for the best treatment for an individual.Dean Waring 28 / 02 / 2001Introduction to psychology Atkinson Hilgard 1983The science of mind and demeanor Gross 1999The oxford companion to the mind Gregory 1987

Everest Simulation Reflection Essay

The Harvard Business Everest Leadership and Team Simulation dispense with participants to beneathstand and appreciate underlying anxiety concepts which form the basis of any well functioning organisation. Specifically, the subterfuge required students to work in viscid team ups, display definitive lead qualities and to communicate strongly in severalize to make masteryful decisions. The Everest tax involves the cooperation and cohesion of random respective(prenominal)s through their placement in a team. These teams consisted of five extremitys, where each individual was delegate specific role and goals. These roles included the team attractor, physician, conservationist, photographer, and marathoner.Individuals goals were much contradictory and team members received unique, however important information concerning the labor movement. This pretext aims to disc all everywhere the way in which teams react in complex and often counterpoint situations. Through a seri es of trials and tribulations, our Everest sort were able to increase our chump from 22% to 85% in the second pretext. This is a result of the exploration of various behavioural attractorship styles including laissez faire and democratic leadership approaches as well as the use of various mediums of communication. In addition, the results of the simulation were highly dependent on glutinous team work through the allocation of individual roles and goals, as well as the organisation of host attendes including the decision qualification wait on and conflict management.LeadershipThe role of the leader in the Everest simulation was to motivate, instruct, resolving power conflict and achieve separate goals. I, as the team leader, do the point of differentiating myself from a manager, to someone who was extraverted, wide awake and driven, within and outside of the simulation. This involved organising location cartridge holders and communication between members, drawing up the team contract and building relationships between team members beyond the classroom. During the simulation however I chose to adopt a less prominent role to minimise conflict and exploit pleasure.During the initial simulation I enforced a laissez- faire approach to leadership. I adopted this form of behaviour as I was no more than than skilled or experienced in the Everest simulation than any other team member. Logically, I believed that as all team members had equal ability, all team members should therefore have equal input. Unfortunately, due to the fire presence of freedom, conflict of interests and an copiousness of communication barriers due to the poor choice in leadership styles, an environment of chaos and anarchy was spend a pennyd. In effect, the root word failed the undertaking. On a positive note, this form of leadership sawing machine the assembly bond together and the level of satisfaction was high. Furthermore, the level of pressure for team members to pe rform under this form of management was minimal hence the leave out of success achieved was minute.During the second attempt, I chose to adopt a democratic style of leadership. Once again, I was no more informed than any other member of the mathematical sort out concerning the correct performance of the task hence I chose not to make autocratic decisions. I did however note the need for social system in any give task. Therefore, the decision devising process was composed of a long winded interchange between collection members, followed by a suffrage through a raise of flocks. If a consensus was not reached between group members, I would then pronounce personally to the group member who was in disagreement and explain the decision.This sort of conflict often arose when individual goals, set by the Everest task, conflicted with each other. For example, the photographers goal was to rest at Base 1 and 2 however my goal was for the team to rest together at camp 4. Often I vote d for other members individual goals to be met rather than my own, when they were of equal worth, in order to avoid conflict. As a result, my individual success was 75%, lower than the teams success average of 85%.Furthermore, query suggests that conflict in the decision making process promotes creativity amongst group members (Nemeth 1986), higher levels of commitment and satisfaction from group members (Peterson 1999), and group members become more knowledgeable about the interests of their co workers (Peterson 2007). In comparison to the commencement simulation, this result was evident in the second attempt. On the other hand, the decision making process was time go through. Luckily, there were no time constraints, however, towards the end of the task, group members including myself, became tiresome and overworked.Eventually, I began to lose control of my group and those with the most useful information provided to them during the simulation began to consult with each other. A t this stage, there was no structure in group discussions and population spoke over each other, similar to the first simulation. Naturally, the majority of the group became disinterested until two group members worked together to determine a prospering return. Hence, a laissez- faire approach to leadership was successful in small groups. Overall, the democratic approach, like the laissez- faire approach, was enjoyable and good for conflict resolution, however utilize this approach we also achieved a solid team score.In hindsight, I believe a more autocratic approach to leadership should have been employed in order to improve the team score and to minimise time wastage. An expression by Judge, Piccolo and Ilies (2004) suggested an initiating structure of leadership is highly correlated to objective outcomes including leader job performance and group organisation performance (Judge, Piccolo and Ilies 2004 pp36). If I, as leader, were more informed concerning the task at hand, t his form of leadership would have been more efficient, in order to avoid the interminable decision making process.Groups and TeamsIn order to successfully complete the simulation, it was imperative that the group functioned as a coherent and glutinous team. This involved the fusion of task work and team work to create team effectiveness, as task work represents what it is that teams are doing, whereas teamwork describes how they are doing it with each other (Marks, Mathieu, & Zaccaro, 2001, p. 357). As team leader I aimed to create a balance between task work and team work in order to successfully complete the Everest simulation.The Everest task provided the group with specific formal member roles and goals, which were designed to create a vex functional team. However, as no member was particularly skilled or specialised in the factual sense concerning the Everest simulation, the team was slightly dysfunctional. For example, in the first simulation, the physician was unaware of w hich medicine cures which disease, and when to administer the medicine, and the environmentalist was unable to read a wind chart. Due to the lack of knowledge evident, the task was time consuming, disorganized and unsuccessful.In terms of informal roles, our team actively do the decision to allocate task proceeding as our main goal, as mentioned in the team contract. This involved clarifying, diagnosing, initiating, evaluating, opinion seeking, gathering information and summarising the task at hand. I however, as the team leader, focused on ensuring that the group interacted in a affable and cooperative manner in order to guarantee high levels of satisfaction amongst members through handling disputes, and by limiting the presence of self oriented goals which hindered the overall task performance. This was achieved through my encouragement, gate keeping, following and conciliatory as team leader.Furthermore, the team dealt with come ons concerning conformity and groupthink. This occurred on a number of occasions as individuals were often confused and uninformed concerning particular decisions, and wanted to avoid conflict when co members became passionate. This often occurred when the decision came to allow sick individuals to rest or be administered medicine. I, as team leader, aimed to prevent groupthink by encouraging discussion and critical thinking and through asking questions. I also located an individual from outside of the group who had previously attempted Everest to evaluate the situation and to provide a reasoned opinion during our decision making process. This was highly successful as team members, including myself, changed their decision based on an outside opinion.Whilst the team was sensibly small, the group processes were complex. The decision making process was led by, for the most part, a democratic leader. As give tongue to previously, a decision was made after a detailed discussion between members, followed by a group vote. If a conse nsus was not apparent, I, as team leader, would speak to the individual concerning the issue. This process was very effective. The discussion provided more complete information and knowledge, through the diversity of the perspectives of group members. In turn, the group generated more various(a) alternatives concerning issues including choosing to rest at different levels, or to administer medicine at different times. Furthermore, a group decision increased the legitimacy of that decision through the democratic process. On the other hand, this process was time- consuming and promoted minority domination and conformity. This may have harmed the quality of the final decision.Fortunately, this decision making process moderate conflict. However, as the human relations view of conflict states, conflict is a natural and inevitable outcome in any group. Our Everest team predominately faced task- based conflict, or a disagreement over ideas or opinions that are related directly to the con tent of the task or decision at hand (Jehn, 1995). For example, the individual goals of certain team members clashed. This meant that if one goal was to be satisfied, the other would be sacrificed.This particular issue was handled through leadership strategies, similar to those proposed by Peterson and Harvey. I, as leader, chose to structure the group in a piazza whereby I exerted a subtle authority through controlling group discussions in order to maximise the useful aspects of task-related conflict (Peterson and Harvey 2009 pp 286). Additionally, through the democratic leadership style employed, I directed an inclusive group process through a group voting system via a raise of hands and an in depth group discussion whereby every member was asked to participate.CommunicationCommunication refers to the transfer and understanding of meaning. Our Everest group explored this concept informally, through a variety of different mediums, mostly on a trial and delusion basis. During the organisational stages of the task, our group communicated through various modern technological mediums including a common thread via the social networking pose Facebook, group emails, and a forwarded text message informing fellow group members of the final time, location and date.This be to be a fast and time effective form of communication which increased organisational efficiency and effectiveness. Furthermore, no team member was constrained by time or geography. As stated in an article by the New York Times wireless devices are instruments of liberation. They lend an unprecedented degree of flexibility to the workday (Hafner 2000 pp D1+). There was however no transfer of eubstance language and non verbal communication between group members, which may have contributed to the lack of social interaction and friendship formed during and outside of the task.Due to the success of the organisational efforts via to the use of technology, I as team leader made the decision to look at the first Everest simulation with team members at separate locations. Therefore, all communication was processed via the instant messaging aid provided by the simulation. Unfortunately it was extremely difficult to process information via the instant messaging service alone as each group member was provided with differing, useful and sometimes visual information. Furthermore the instant messaging service provided by the Everest simulation included approximately three seconds of dialogue at any one time. This made it very difficult for me as team leader to instruct an organised group discussion whilst mickle were typing over each other.The presence of noise also made it difficult to focus. The internet is an aeonian avenue of entertainment, social networking and gaming. Unknowingly, however predictably, team members were not focused on the task due to the lack of self control and discipline evident whilst being on the internet. As a result of the abundance of communication barrier s, the team failed the Everest simulation.Due to the failure of the first Everest attempt, our group made the active decision to conduct the second simulation in the same room. This forged the ability for the team to communicate non verbally, through body language and verbal intonation. This was particularly effective during the decision making process where I as the leader could gage the reactions and beliefs of fellow team members concerning particular issues. Research by Alge, Wiethoff and Klein came to the conclusion that face to face teams disclose higher levels of openness/trust and information sharing than computer mediated teams (Alge, Wiethoff and Klein, 2003 pp 26). In comparison, our results in the Everest simulation whilst employing various mediums of communication prove this conclusion.However, whilst the level of noise in comparison to the first simulation decreased, it was yet apparent. The second simulation was undertaken in a large public room, and as a result our computers were not side by side. We were disrupted by outside noise and were unable to discuss openly and loudly. This made it difficult to communicate and as a result, group members became disinterested in the task. In both simulations, effective interpersonal communication was interrupted by an information overload.As key information was being delivered by each group member, each members informational capacity was becoming strained. As a result, people including myself became disinterested in the task and chose to not participate as coherently as before. In order to overcome such barriers, it was imperative that each member constrained their emotions, watched non verbal cues and listened actively. This involved not over talking, avoiding interrupting the speaker, making eye contact and asking questions, particularly during the decision making process.ConclusionUltimately, the success of the Everest simulation was highly dependent on efficient communication mediums, effective lead ership approaches and cohesive team work. As a team leader, I determined success to be task accomplishment, team member satisfaction, ranking(a) conflict resolution and legitimate decision making. Through the democratic approach employed, I deem myself successful as I was able to incorporate individual team members opinions into an effective decision making process whilst dealing with conflict. In summary, the Everest task highlighted the importance of teamwork and the significance of the individual role in any given task.